Kusakanikirana kwa mafupa amve

Kuphatikizika kwa mafupa am'makutu ndikulumikizana kwa mafupa apakatikati. Awa ndi mafupa a incus, malleus, ndi stapes. Kuphatikizika kapena kukhazikika kwa mafupa kumabweretsa kutayika kwakumva, chifukwa mafupa sakusuntha komanso kugwedezeka poyankha mafunde amawu.

Zina zokhudzana ndi izi:

• Matenda a khutu osatha
• Otosclerosis
• Zovuta zapakati pakhutu

• Kutulutsa khutu
• Zotsatira zamankhwala kutengera kutengera kwamakutu

Nyumba JW, Cunningham CD. Otosclerosis. Mu: Flint PW, Francis HW, Haughey BH, et al, olemba. Cummings Otolaryngology: Opaleshoni ya Mutu & Khosi. Wachisanu ndi chiwiri. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021: mutu 146.

O'Handley JG, Tobin EJ, Shah AR. Otorhinolaryngology. Mu: Rakel RE, Rakel DP, olemba. Buku Lophunzitsira La Banja. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: mutu 18.

Prueter JC, Teasley RA, Wobwerera DD. Kuunika kwachipatala ndikuchiza opaleshoni yotaya makutu. Mu: Flint PW, Francis HW, Haughey BH, et al, olemba. Cummings Otolaryngology: Opaleshoni ya Mutu & Khosi. Wachisanu ndi chiwiri. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021: mutu 145.

Mtsinje A, Yoshikawa N. Otosclerosis. Mu: Myers EN, Snyderman CH, olemba. Opaleshoni ya Otolaryngology Mutu ndi Khosi Opaleshoni. Wachitatu ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: mutu 133.