Kupaka magazi

Kupaka magazi ndiko kuyesa magazi komwe kumapereka chidziwitso chokhudza kuchuluka ndi mawonekedwe am'magazi. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika ngati gawo limodzi kapena limodzi ndi kuwerengera kwathunthu kwamagazi (CBC).

Muyenera kuyesa magazi.

Sampuli yamagazi imatumizidwa ku labu. Kumeneko, wothandizira labu amayang'ana pansi pa microscope. Kapenanso, magazi atha kuwunikidwa ndimakina opanga.

Smear imapereka izi:

• Chiwerengero ndi mitundu yamaselo oyera amwazi (kusiyanitsa, kapena kuchuluka kwa mtundu uliwonse wamaselo)
• Chiwerengero ndi mitundu yama cell yopangidwa modabwitsa
• Chiyerekezo chovuta cha maselo oyera am'magazi ndi ma platelet

Palibe kukonzekera kwapadera kofunikira.

Pamene singano imayikidwa kuti ikoke magazi, anthu ena amamva kupweteka pang'ono. Ena amangomva kubaya kapena kuluma. Pambuyo pake, pakhoza kukhala kupunduka kapena kuvulala pang'ono. Izi posachedwa zichoka.

Mayesowa atha kuchitidwa ngati gawo la mayeso azaumoyo kuti athandizire kupeza matenda ambiri. Kapenanso, wothandizira zaumoyo wanu angakulimbikitseni ngati mungakhale ndi zizindikiro za:

• Matenda aliwonse odziwika kapena okayikitsa amwazi
• Khansa
• Khansa ya m'magazi

Kupaka magazi kumathanso kuchitidwa kuti muwone zoyipa za chemotherapy kapena kuthandizira kupeza matenda, monga malungo.

Maselo ofiira ofiira (RBCs) nthawi zambiri amakhala ofanana kukula ndi utoto ndipo amakhala owala pakati. Kupaka magazi kumawoneka ngati kwabwinobwino ngati pali:

• Maonekedwe abwinobwino a maselo
• Masiyanidwe abwinobwino am'magazi oyera

Mitengo yamtengo wapatali imatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa ma labotore osiyanasiyana. Ma lab ena amagwiritsa ntchito miyeso yosiyanasiyana kapena amayesa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Lankhulani ndi omwe akukuthandizani za tanthauzo la zotsatira zanu zoyeserera.

Zotsatira zachilendo zimatanthauza kukula, mawonekedwe, mtundu, kapena zokutira zama RBC sizachilendo.

Zovuta zina zitha kuwerengedwa pamiyeso ya 4:

• 1+ amatanthauza kuti kotala yamaselo amakhudzidwa
• 2+ amatanthauza kuti theka la maselo amakhudzidwa
• 3+ amatanthauza kuti magawo atatu mwa atatu amaselo amakhudzidwa
• 4+ amatanthauza kuti maselo onse amakhudzidwa

Kupezeka kwa maselo otchedwa chandamale kungakhale chifukwa cha:

• Kuperewera kwa enzyme yotchedwa lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase
• Hemoglobin yachilendo, mapuloteni mu RBCs omwe amanyamula mpweya (hemoglobinopathies)
• Kuperewera kwachitsulo
• Matenda a chiwindi
• Kuchotsa nthenda

Kupezeka kwa maselo opangidwa mozungulira kumatha kukhala chifukwa cha:

• Kuchepa kwa ma RBC chifukwa cha thupi kuwawononga (immune hemolytic anemia)
• Chiwerengero chochepa cha ma RBC chifukwa cha ma RBC ena opangidwa ngati ma sphere (hereditary spherocytosis)
• Kuwonjezeka kowonjezeka kwa ma RBC

Kukhalapo kwa ma RBC okhala ndi mawonekedwe chowulungika kumatha kukhala chizindikiro cha elliptocytosis yobadwa nayo kapena ovalocytosis wobadwa nayo. Izi ndi momwe ma RBC amapangidwira modabwitsa.

Kupezeka kwa maselo ogawanika kungakhale chifukwa cha:

• Vuto lopangira mtima
• Kusokonezeka komwe mapuloteni omwe amayendetsa magazi amatsekereza (amafalitsa intravascular coagulation)
• Matenda m'matumbo amatulutsa mankhwala owopsa omwe amawononga ma RBC, ndikupangitsa kuvulala kwa impso (hemolytic uremic syndrome)
• Matenda amwazi omwe amachititsa kuti magazi a magazi aumbike m'mitsempha yaying'ono mthupi lonse ndipo amapangitsa kuchuluka kwamagazi (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura)

Kukhalapo kwa mtundu wa ma RBC achichepere otchedwa normoblasts atha kukhala chifukwa cha:

• Khansa yomwe yafalikira mpaka m'mafupa
• Matenda amwazi wotchedwa erythroblastosis fetalis omwe amakhudza mwana wosabadwa kapena wakhanda
• TB yomwe yafalikira kuchokera m'mapapu kupita mbali zina za thupi kudzera m'magazi (miliary TB)
• Kusokonezeka kwa mafupa omwe mafutawa amalowetsedwa ndi minofu yotupa (myelofibrosis)
• Kuchotsa ndulu
• Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa ma RBCs (hemolysis)
• Kusokonezeka komwe kuli kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa hemoglobin (thalassemia)

Kupezeka kwa maselo otchedwa burr maselo kungasonyeze:

• Mulu wambiri wazotaya za nitrogeni m'magazi (uremia)

Kupezeka kwa maselo otchedwa spur cell kumatha kuwonetsa:

• Kulephera kuyamwa kwathunthu mafuta azakudya kudzera m'matumbo (abetalipoproteinemia)
• Matenda owopsa a chiwindi

Kupezeka kwa maselo ooneka ngati misozi kumatha kuwonetsa:

• Myelofibrosis
• Kusowa kwakukulu kwachitsulo
• Thalassemia wamkulu
• Khansa m'mafupa
• Kuchepa kwa magazi komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mafupa osatulutsa maselo abwinobwino am'magazi chifukwa cha poizoni kapena zotupa (myelophthisic process)

Kupezeka kwa matupi a Howell-Jolly (mtundu wa granule) kumatha kuwonetsa:

• Mafupa a mafupa samatulutsa maselo amwazi okwanira okwanira (myelodysplasia)
• Nthenda yachotsedwa
• Matenda a kuchepa kwa magazi

Kupezeka kwa matupi a Heinz (ma hemoglobin osinthidwa) atha kuwonetsa:

• Alpha thalassemia
• Kubadwa kwa hemolytic anemia
• Kusokonezeka komwe ma RBC amawonongeka thupi likakumana ndi mankhwala ena kapena likapanikizika chifukwa cha matenda (kusowa kwa G6PD)
• Mtundu wosasunthika wa hemoglobin

Kupezeka kwa ma RBC akhanda pang'ono kumatha kuwonetsa:

• Kuchepa kwa magazi ndikubwezeretsa m'mafupa
• Kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi
• Kutaya magazi

Kukhalapo kwa basophilic stippling (mawonekedwe owonekera) kungasonyeze:

• Kupha poizoni
• Kusokonezeka kwa mafupa omwe mafutawa amalowetsedwa ndi minofu yotupa (myelofibrosis)

Kupezeka kwa maselo amzere kumatha kuwonetsa kuchepa kwama cell cell.

Kutenga magazi anu kumatenga chiopsezo chochepa kwambiri.Mitsempha ndi mitsempha imasiyana kukula kwa wodwala wina ndi mnzake komanso kuchokera mbali imodzi ya thupi kupita kwina. Kupeza magazi kuchokera kwa anthu ena kumatha kukhala kovuta kuposa ena.

Zowopsa zina zomwe zimakoka magazi ndi zochepa, koma mwina ndi izi:

• Kutaya magazi kwambiri
• Kukomoka kapena kumva mopepuka
• Ma punctures angapo kuti mupeze mitsempha
• Hematoma (magazi omanga pansi pa khungu)
• Kutenga (chiopsezo chochepa nthawi iliyonse khungu likasweka)

Zotumphukira chopaka; Complete magazi kuwerengetsa - zotumphukira; CBC - zotumphukira

• Maselo ofiira ofiira, khungu la chikwakwa
• Maselo ofiira ofiira, mawonekedwe akugwetsa misozi
• Maselo ofiira ofiira - abwinobwino
• Maselo ofiira ofiira - elliptocytosis
• Maselo ofiira ofiira - spherocytosis
• Khansa ya m'magazi ya lymphocytic - photomicrograph
• Maselo ofiira ofiira - maselo angapo azizindikiro
• Malungo, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono ta majeremusi am'manja
• Malungo, photomicrograph yama parasites am'manja
• Maselo ofiira ofiira - maselo a zenga
• Maselo Ofiira - chikwakwa ndi Pappenheimer
• Maselo ofiira ofiira, maselo olunjika
• Zinthu zopangidwa zamagazi

Bain BJ. The zotumphukira magazi chopaka. Mu: Goldman L, Schafer AI, olemba. Mankhwala a Goldman-Cecil. 26 wa. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 148.

Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM. Matenda amwazi. Mu: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, olemba. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Wolemba 21. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 124.

Merguerian MD, Gallagher PG. Cholowa elliptocytosis, cholowa cha pyropoikilocytosis, ndi zovuta zina. Mu: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, olemba. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Wolemba 21. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 486.

Natelson EA, Chughtai-Harvey I, Rabbi S. Hematology. Mu: Rakel RE, Rakel DP, olemba. Buku Lophunzitsira La Banja. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: chaputala 39.

Warner EA, Herold AH. Kutanthauzira mayeso a labotale. Mu: Rakel RE, Rakel DP, olemba. Buku Lophunzitsira La Banja. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: chap 14.