Bacteriophage: ndi chiyani, momwe mungazindikire ndi mayendedwe amoyo (lytic and lysogenic)

Zamkati

• Makhalidwe a bacteriophage
• Kodi zimachitika ndi zochitika za lytic ndi lysogenic
• Kuzungulira kwa Lytic
• Kuzungulira kwa Lysogenic
• Kodi mankhwala a phage ndi chiyani?

Bacteriophages, omwe amadziwikanso kuti phages, ndi gulu la ma virus omwe amatha kupatsira ndikuchulukitsa m'maselo abacteria ndipo, akachoka, amalimbikitsa kuwonongeka kwawo.

Bacteriophages amapezeka m'malo angapo, ndipo amatha kutalikirana ndi madzi, nthaka, zopangira zakudya komanso tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono. Ngakhale amathanso kupezeka m'thupi, makamaka pakhungu, pakamwa, m'mapapo komanso m'mikodzo ndi m'mimba, ma bacteriophages samayambitsa matenda kapena kusintha m'thupi la munthu, chifukwa amakonda prokaryotic maselo, ndiye kuti, maselo ochepa amasintha, monga mabakiteriya.

Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha mthupi, kotero kuti sangathe kuchitapo kanthu pazomwe zimayambitsa kugwira ntchito bwino kwa chamoyo, kuwonjezera pakudziwikanso kwambiri potengera wolandirayo, ndiye kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda . Chifukwa chake, mabakiteriya omwe ali m'gulu la ma microbiome sawonongeka chifukwa cha ubale wabwino womwe umakhazikitsidwa pakati pa bacteriophages ndi chitetezo chamthupi.

Makhalidwe a bacteriophage

Bacteriophages ndi ma virus omwe amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza thupi la munthu, komabe sizimayambitsa kusintha kapena matenda chifukwa zilibe tanthauzo la maselo omwe amapanga thupi. Makhalidwe ena a bacteriophage ndi awa:

• Amapangidwa ndi capsid, womwe ndi mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi mapuloteni omwe ntchito yawo ndikuteteza chibadwa cha kachilomboka;
• Amatha kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya majini, monga ma DNA awiri, DNA imodzi kapena RNA;
• Kuphatikiza pa kutha kusiyanitsidwa malinga ndi kapangidwe kake ka majini, ma bacteriophages amathanso kusiyanitsidwa ndi kapangidwe ka kapsididi;
• Satha kuchulukana kunja kwa wolandirayo, ndiye kuti, amafunika kulumikizana ndi khungu la bakiteriya kuti zibwererenso, ndipo pachifukwa ichi amathanso kudziwika kuti "majeremusi a bakiteriya";
• Amakhala ndi mawonekedwe apaderadera kwa omwe amakhala, omwe ndi mabakiteriya.

Gulu la ma bacteriophages likuwunikidwabe, komabe, zina mwazinthu zitha kukhala zothandiza kusiyanitsa ndi kugawa ma bacteriophages, monga mtundu wa majini, morphology, mawonekedwe amtundu komanso mawonekedwe amthupi.

Kodi zimachitika ndi zochitika za lytic ndi lysogenic

Mavitamini a lytic ndi lysogenic ndizochulukitsa za bacteriophage mukalumikizana ndi khungu la bakiteriya ndipo amatha kusiyanitsidwa molingana ndi machitidwe a kachilomboka.

Kuzungulira kwa Lytic

Kuzungulira kwa lytic ndi njira imodzi, ikatha kubayidwa kwa majeremusi a bacteriophage mu khungu la bakiteriya, kubwereza ndikupanga ma bacteriophages atsopano kumachitika, komwe akachoka kumawononga khungu la bakiteriya. Chifukwa chake, kuzungulira kwake kumachitika motere:

1. Kutsatsa: bacteriophage amamatira pachimake cha khungu lomwe limatha kugwira bakiteriya kudzera pama membrane;
2. Kulowera kapena kulowa: zakuthupi za bacteriophage zimalowa mu bakiteriya;
3. Kutengera: chibadwa ichi chimagwirizanitsa kaphatikizidwe ka mapuloteni ndi ma molekyulu ena a DNA, ngati ndi bacteriophage ya DNA;
4. Ogwiritsa: ma bacteriophages atsopano amapangidwa ndipo DNA yomwe imafotokozedwayi imapakidwa mothandizidwa ndi mapuloteni opanga, omwe amachititsa kuti capsid ikhale;
5. Lise: bacteriophage wopangidwa amasiya masamba a bakiteriya, ndikulimbikitsa kuwonongeka kwake.

Kuzungulira kwa Lysogenic

Munthawi ya lysogenic, majini a bacteriophage amaphatikizidwa ndi a bakiteriya, komabe njirayi imangoyimira kutonthozedwa kwa majeremusi oyambitsa mabakiteriya, kuphatikiza pakusintha kwake. Izi zimachitika motere:

1. Kutsatsa: bacteriophage adsorbs ku bakiteriya nembanemba;
2. Lowetsani: zakuthupi za bacteriophage zimalowa mu bakiteriya;
3. Kusakanikirana: pali kuphatikiza kwa majini a bacteriophage ndi a bakiteriya, omwe amadziwika kuti profago;
4. Gawo: zinthu zomwe zimapangidwanso, profago, zimagawika malinga ndi magawikidwe a bakiteriya.

Profagus sikugwira ntchito, ndiye kuti, majini ake sanafotokozedwe, chifukwa chake, samabweretsa kusintha kosasintha kwa mabakiteriya ndipo imasinthiratu.

Chifukwa chakuti ma bacteriophages amalumikizana ndi majeremusi a bakiteriya ndipo amatha kulimbikitsa kuwonongeka kwake, ma viruswa atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufukuyu pokonza njira zatsopano zothetsera matenda opatsirana ambiri.

Kodi mankhwala a phage ndi chiyani?

Therapy ya Phage, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti phage therapy, ndi mtundu wa chithandizo chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito ma bacteriophages kuthana ndi matenda a bakiteriya, makamaka omwe amayamba chifukwa cha tizilombo tosamva mankhwala. Mankhwalawa ndi otetezeka, chifukwa ma bacteriophages amangokhala ndi zochita zolimbana ndi mabakiteriya a pathogenic, zomwe zimasunga microbiota wabwinobwino wa munthu.

Ngakhale mtundu uwu wamankhwala wakhala ukufotokozedwa kwa zaka zambiri, ndi pompano pomwe ukupeza kutchuka m'mabuku chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya omwe sagwirizana ndi mankhwala ochiritsira omwe ali ndi maantibayotiki.

Komabe, ngakhale ndi njira yabwino, mankhwala a phage ali ndi malire. Mtundu uliwonse wa bacteriophage umafotokozeredwa ndi bakiteriya winawake, ndiye kuti mapajiwa sakanatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito padera kulimbana ndi matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tambiri, koma pakadali pano "malo ogulitsa" amatha kupangidwa kutengera tizilombo tomwe timadziwika kuti timayambitsa matendawa . Kuphatikiza apo, makamaka chifukwa cha kuzungulira kwa lysogenic, ma bacteriophages amatha kulimbikitsa kusamutsa kwa majini otsutsana ndi bakiteriya, ndikupangitsa kuti mankhwalawo asagwire ntchito.