Magawo 8 a Erikson a Development Psychosocial, Explained for Parents

Zamkati

• Gawo 1: Kudalirika motsutsana ndi kusakhulupirirana
• Kubadwa kwa miyezi 12-18
• Gawo 2: Kudziyimira pawokha motsutsana ndi manyazi ndi kukayika
• Miyezi 18 mpaka zaka 3
• Gawo 3: Kuyambitsa vs. kudziimba mlandu
• Zaka 3 mpaka 5
• Gawo 4: Makampani vs.
• Zaka 5 mpaka 12
• Gawo 5: Kudziwika motsutsana ndi chisokonezo
• 12 mpaka 18 wazaka
• Gawo 6: Ubwenzi wapamtima vs.
• 18 mpaka 40 wazaka
• Gawo 7: Kuchulukitsa ndikuchepa
• Zaka 40 mpaka 65 zakubadwa
• Gawo 8: Umphumphu ndikutaya mtima
• Oposa zaka 65
• Chidule cha magawo a Erikson
• Kutenga

Erik Erikson ndi dzina limodzi lomwe mungaone kuti likubwera mobwerezabwereza m'magazini aubereki omwe mumawawerenga. Erikson anali katswiri wamaganizidwe otukuka omwe amadziwika kwambiri pa kusanthula kwa ana kwa psychoanalysis ndipo amadziwika kwambiri chifukwa chazikhulupiriro zake zakukula kwamisala.

Kukula kwamaganizidwe ndi mawu chabe amtengo wapatali omwe amatanthauza momwe zosowa za munthu payekha (psycho) mesh ndi zosowa kapena zofuna za anthu (chikhalidwe).

Malinga ndi Erikson, munthu amadutsa magawo asanu ndi atatu otukuka omwe amamangirirana. Pa gawo lililonse timakumana ndi zovuta. Pothetsa vutoli, timakhala ndi malingaliro kapena mikhalidwe yomwe ingatithandizire kukhala olimba mtima komanso anthu athanzi.

Lingaliro la Erikson lakukula kwamalingaliro amatipatsa njira yowonera kukula kwa munthu kudzera m'moyo wonse. Koma monga malingaliro onse, ili ndi malire: Erikson samalongosola njira yeniyeni yomwe mikangano imathetsera. Sakufotokozeranso momwe mungasunthire kuchoka pa gawo lina kupita kutsogolo.

Mosasamala kanthu, pamene mukuwerenga magawo omwe ali pansipa, mutha kupeza kuti mukugwedezera mutu mukamadzizindikira - kapena mwana wanu.

Gawo 1: Kudalirika motsutsana ndi kusakhulupirirana

Kubadwa kwa miyezi 12-18

Gawo loyamba la malingaliro a Erikson limayambira pakubadwa ndipo limatha mpaka mwana wanu atayandikira tsiku lawo lobadwa loyamba ndi kupitirira pang'ono.

Mwinamwake mwazindikira kuti mwana wanu wamng'ono amadalira kotheratu pa inu pa chilichonse: chakudya, kutentha, chitonthozo. Khalani nawo kwa mwana wanu posamupatsa chisamaliro chakuthupi kokha, komanso chikondi chambiri - palibe chifukwa chobweza mikombero.

Powapatsa zosowa izi, mumawaphunzitsa kuti azikudalira. Izi zimapangitsa kuti azikhala odalirika m'maganizo. Kumva kuti ndinu wotetezeka, khanda lanu lidzakhala lokonzeka kukumana ndi dziko lapansi.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani mukazembera? Mwinamwake mumafuula kamodzi kanthawi. Kapena simukufuna kuwerenga nkhani ina yogona. Osadandaula: Erikson amavomereza kuti ndife anthu chabe.

Palibe mwana wakhanda amene amakulira m'dziko langwiro. Nthawi zina chipwirikiti chimapatsa mwana wanu chidwi. Ndi ichi, akakhala okonzeka kukumana ndi dziko lapansi, ayang'anitsitsa zopinga.

Koma chimachitika ndi chiyani makolo akamakhala osadalirika komanso osadalirika? Ana omwe zosowa zawo sizikwaniritsidwa ayang'ana padziko lapansi ndi nkhawa, mantha, komanso kusakhulupirira.

Gawo 2: Kudziyimira pawokha motsutsana ndi manyazi ndi kukayika

Miyezi 18 mpaka zaka 3

Mukudziwa kuti mwafika pachimake pamene mwana wanu wakhanda ayamba kunena za ufulu wawo. Amazindikira kuti atha kuchita zinthu zina paokha - ndipo amatero kunena pa zinthu zimenezo.

Malangizo: M'malo modandaula ngati chisamaliro cha tsiku chidzakufunsani kuthekera kwanu kukhala kholo chifukwa mwana wanu wavala nsapato pamapazi olakwika - atadziyika okha - khalani anzeru ndikuwasiya apite chonchi.

Pakadali pano, mwana wanu wakhanda amakonda zakudya. Chifukwa chake aloleni kuti asankhe zakudya zawo. Kapena aloleni asankhe malaya omwe akufuna kuvala. (Langizo la kupulumuka: Apatseni malaya awiri oti asankhepo.) Zachidziwikire, padzakhala nthawi pomwe zovala zawo sizingafanane. Kumwetulira ndikupilira chifukwa kuwapatsa mwayi wosankha kumatanthauza kuwathandiza kudzidalira.

Nayi vuto lina: Kamwana kanu kakonzeka kukaphunzitsidwa kuchimbudzi. Kuphunzira kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito amthupi kumawapatsa kumverera kodziyimira pawokha kapena kudziyimira pawokha.

Ana omwe amadutsa munthawi imeneyi ndi mitundu yowuluka adzakhulupirira mwa iwo okha ndikumverera kuti ali otetezeka pamaluso awo. Ana omwe sanapatsidwe mwayi woti adziwonetsere okha (mkati mwa malire omwe mudakhazikitsa) azilimbana ndi kudzikayikira komanso kudzikayikira, malinga ndi Erikson.

Gawo 3: Kuyambitsa vs. kudziimba mlandu

Zaka 3 mpaka 5

Izi ndi zaka zoyambira sukulu. Mwana wanu akamacheza pagulu ndikusewera ndi ena, amaphunzira kuti amatha kuyambitsa ndikuwongolera zomwe zimachitika.

Mutha kulimbikitsa mwana wanu kukonzekera, kukwaniritsa zolinga, ndikukhala ndi udindo powonetsetsa kuti ali ndi mwayi wocheza ndi ena. Aloleni afufuze za dziko lapansi mu malire omwe mudakhazikitsa. Atengereni kukachezera achikulire ndikuwapatsa chokoleti. Khazikitsani masiku amasewera ndi anzawo.

Ndipo musaiwale kuti mutha kukhala osewera nawo, inunso. Apatseni mwana wanu mwayi wowongolera chiwonetserocho powalola kuti akhale mphunzitsi, dokotala, kapena wogulitsa malonda mukamachita wophunzira, wodwala, kapena kasitomala.

Apa ndi pamene mwana wanu amayamba kufunsa mafunso osatha. Nthawi zina wafilosofi wanu wamkulu angadabwe kuti agalu amapita kuti akamwalira mukangokhala pansi kuti muwone chiwonetserocho chomwe mwaphonya chifukwa mudawatengera pa playdate yachiwiri. Pumirani. Poyankha mafunso awa mwachidwi, mukuyesetsa kuti mwana wanu akhale ndi chithunzi chabwino.

Gawo ili ndiloposa kungonena chabe kuwombera. Kupyolera mukulumikizana ndi anzanu komanso kusewera, mwana wanu amayamba kudzidalira ndipo amaphunzira kusangalala ndi cholinga.

Komabe, ngati makolo akuwongolera kapena samathandizira mwana wawo popanga zisankho, mwanayo sangakhale ndi zida zoti achitepo kanthu, atha kukhala wopanda chidwi, ndipo atha kudzazidwa ndi mlandu. Kudzimva kuti ndiwe wolakwa kumalepheretsa mwana kuyanjana ndi ena ndikulepheretsa luso lawo.

Gawo 4: Makampani vs.

Zaka 5 mpaka 12

Mwana wanu wagunda sukulu ya pulayimale. Apa ndipomwe amaphunzira maluso atsopano. Ndiponso pomwe magulu awo amakoka amakula.

Mwana wanu ali ndi aphunzitsi ambiri komanso anzawo. Amatha kuyamba kudzifananitsa ndi ena. Ngati awona kuti akuchita bwino pasukulu, pamasewera, zaluso, kapena pagulu, mwana wanu amayamba kudzitama komanso kuchita bwino. (Samalani: Adzafananitsanso mabanja awo ndi mabanja ena.)

Mukawona kuti mwana wanu akuvutika m'dera limodzi, yang'anani malo ena omwe angawale. Thandizani mwana wanu kukulitsa mphamvu zawo m'malo omwe ali ndi chilengedwe.

Mwina sangakhale azunguzi zamasamu, koma mwina amatha kujambula kapena kuyimba. Kodi mwachibadwa amaleza mtima ndi ana aang'ono? Athandizeni posamalira abale awo.

Mwana wanu akapambana, amadziona kuti ndi akhama pantchito ndipo amakhulupirira kuti akhoza kukhala ndi zolinga - ndikuzikwaniritsa. Komabe, ngati ana akumanapo mobwerezabwereza kunyumba kapena akuwona kuti anthu akufuna zambiri, amatha kudziona kuti ndi otsika.

Gawo 5: Kudziwika motsutsana ndi chisokonezo

12 mpaka 18 wazaka

Achinyamata. Nawu mwayi wanu wobwezeretsanso luso lakupuma mwakuya lomwe mudapanga mwana wanu ali wakhanda.

Pakadali pano pakukula kwamalingaliro, mwana wanu akukumana ndi vuto lakukula. Amadziwika kuti ndi odziwika pofufuza zikhulupiriro zawo, zolinga zawo, ndi mfundo zawo.

Mafunso omwe akukumana nawo ndiosavuta kuyankha: "Ndine yani?", "Ndikufuna kugwira ntchito yanji?", "Ndikwanira bwanji pagulu?" Ponyani mu chisokonezo chonsechi funso "Kodi chikuchitika ndi thupi langa ndi chiyani?" ndipo mwina mudzakumbukira chipwirikiti chomwe munamva paunyamata. Paulendo wawo wokakhala pawokha, achinyamata ambiri adzawona maudindo osiyanasiyana ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana.

Kodi mungathandize bwanji mwana wanu kuti athane ndi vuto lamalingaliro?

Ngakhale Erikson sakudziwika bwinobwino, dziwani kuti chilimbikitso chomwe mumapereka kwa mwana wanu ndikofunikira kuti apange mawonekedwe ake. Kuphatikiza apo, zokumana nazo za mwana wanu komanso mayanjano omwe amakhala nawo zimawongolera machitidwe awo ndi malingaliro awo.

Achinyamata omwe amatha kuthana ndi mavutowa amabwera ndikudziwika kuti ndi ndani. Atha kutsatira mfundozi ngakhale atakumana ndi zovuta mtsogolo.

Koma pamene achinyamata safuna kudziwa kuti ndi ndani, sangakhale ndi malingaliro olimba komanso sangakhale ndi chithunzi chamtsogolo chao. Chisokonezo chomwecho chimatha kukhala chachikulu kwambiri ngati inu, monga kholo lawo, muyesa kuwakakamiza kuti azitsatira zomwe mumakhulupirira komanso zomwe mumakhulupirira.

Gawo 6: Ubwenzi wapamtima vs.

18 mpaka 40 wazaka

Apa ndi pomwe mwina mumayamba kugwedeza mutu momwe mumadzizindikira. Kumbukirani kuti tidati gawo lirilonse limamangirirapo lotsatira? Anthu omwe ali ndi chidziwitso champhamvu tsopano ali okonzeka kugawana miyoyo yawo ndi ena.

Ino ndi nthawi yogulitsa ndalama kudzipereka kwa ena. Vuto lazamisala tsopano - malinga ndi Erikson - ndikumanga ubale wachikondi womwe umakhala wotetezeka.

Anthu akamaliza gawo ili bwinobwino, amachoka ndi ubale wotetezeka wodzazidwa ndi kudzipereka ndi chikondi.

Anthu omwe sanakwanitse kumaliza gawo lapitalo bwinobwino ndipo alibe chidziwitso champhamvu nthawi zambiri sangathe kupanga maubale odzipereka, malinga ndi chiphunzitsochi.

Popanda chitetezo ndi kutentha kwa ubale wachikondi, amatha kusungulumwa komanso kukhumudwa.

Zokhudzana: Momwe mungazindikire ndikupambana pazodzipereka

Gawo 7: Kuchulukitsa ndikuchepa

Zaka 40 mpaka 65 zakubadwa

Gawo ili lachisanu ndi chiwiri limadziwika ndikufunika kupereka kwa ena. Kutsogolo kunyumba, izi zikutanthauza kulera ana anu. Zitha kutanthauzanso kupereka nawo zachifundo mdera ndi zochitika zomwe zimapangitsa anthu kukhala abwinoko.

Pogwira ntchito, anthu amayesetsa kuchita bwino komanso kukhala opindulitsa. Osapanikizika ngati simungapeze nthawi yokwanira - mungoyenera kudikira kanthawi mpaka anthu ang'onoang'ono mnyumba mwanu asakhale ovuta kwambiri.

Anthu omwe amaliza bwino gawo ili amakhala ndi chisangalalo podziwa kuti mukufunika. Amamva kuti akuthandizira mabanja awo komanso dera lawo komanso malo ogwirira ntchito.

Popanda mayankho abwinowa m'malo awa, anthu atha kuchepa.Pokhumudwa kuti sangakwanitse kulera ana, kuchita bwino pantchito, kapena kuthandizira anthu ena, atha kudzimva kuti sakalumikizidwa. Mwina sangakhale olimbikitsidwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito ndalama zawo pakukula kapena kuchita zambiri.

Zokhudzana: Kukolola kwanu sikuwonetsa kufunikira kwanu

Gawo 8: Umphumphu ndikutaya mtima

Oposa zaka 65

Ili ndiye gawo lowunikira. Pakati pauchikulire mochedwa, moyo ukamachepa, anthu amayang'ana m'mbuyo pa miyoyo yawo kuti awone zomwe akwanitsa. Anthu omwe amanyadira ndi zomwe apanga amasangalala kwenikweni.

Komabe, anthu omwe sanamalize magawo am'mbuyomu atha kukhala ndi malingaliro otayika ndikudzimvera chisoni. Ngati awona kuti miyoyo yawo ndi yopanda phindu, amakhala osakhutira ndi kukhumudwa.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, gawo lomalizirali, malinga ndi Erikson, ndi amodzi mwa kusintha. Anthu nthawi zambiri amasinthana pakati pakumva kukhutira ndikudandaula. Kuyang'ana m'mbuyo pa moyo kuti tidziwe kutseka kungathandize kukumana ndi imfa mopanda mantha.

Chidule cha magawo a Erikson

Kutenga

Erikson ankakhulupirira kuti chiphunzitso chake chinali “chida chogwiritsira ntchito m'malo mofufuza mozama.” Chifukwa chake tengani magawo asanu ndi atatuwa monga poyambira momwe mumagwiritsira ntchito kuthandiza mwana wanu kukhala ndi maluso amisala omwe amafunikira kuti akhale munthu wopambana, koma musawatenge ngati lamulo.