Kuopsa Kofalitsa kachilombo ka HIV ndi kotani? Mafunso okhudza maukwati osakanikirana

Zamkati

• Kodi kachilombo ka HIV kamafala bwanji?
• Chingachitike ndi chiyani kuti muchepetse chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo panthawi yogonana?
• Kodi chithandizo chothandizira kupewa (TasP) ndi chiyani?
• Kafukufuku wa HPTN 052
• Zosadziwika = zosasunthika
• Kodi anthu angagwiritse ntchito bwanji PrEP kuteteza kachirombo ka HIV?
• Kuchita bwino
• Otsatira abwino kwambiri a PrEP
• Kupeza PrEP
• Ndi njira zina ziti zomwe zingapewe kufalitsa kachiromboka?
• Makondomu
• Mankhwala a antiretroviral pamodzi ndi PrEP
• Kodi banja losakanikirana lingakhale ndi ana?
• Kodi maanja osakanikirana angathe kuyesa kutenga pakati?
• Kodi kachilombo ka HIV kangapatsiridwe panthawi yapakati?
• Kodi anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV ali ndi malingaliro otani lero?

Chidule

Kugonana pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo kosiyanasiyana ka HIV kumawoneka ngati kosalamulirika. Tsopano pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zingapezeke kwa maanja osakanikirana.

Pochepetsa chiopsezo chotenga kachirombo ka HIV, ndikofunikira kuti onse awiri omwe ali ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana atengepo mbali.

Mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya kachilombo ka HIV, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), ndi makondomu angathandize onse awiri kusamalira thanzi lawo. Kufunsana kwa akatswiri kumawathandizanso kumvetsetsa zomwe angasankhe pokhala ndi ana.

Kodi kachilombo ka HIV kamafala bwanji?

HIV singathe kupatsirana kuchokera kwa munthu wina kudzera mwa kupsompsonana kapena kuyanjana pakhungu ndi khungu, monga kukumbatirana kapena kugwirana chanza. M'malo mwake, kachilomboka kamafalikira kudzera m'madzi ena amthupi. Izi zimaphatikizapo magazi, umuna, komanso zotuluka m'mimba ndi m'mimba - koma osati malovu.

Malinga ndi kunena kuti, kugonana kumatako kopanda kondomu kumatha kuchititsa kuti munthu atenge HIV kuposa zikhalidwe zina zilizonse zogonana. Anthu ali ndi mwayi wambiri kutenga kachilombo ka HIV panthawi yogonana kumatako ngati ali "mnzake wapansi," kapena amene walowerera.

Ndizothekanso kuti anthu atenge kachilombo ka HIV panthawi yogonana. Kuopsa kofalitsa panthawi yogonana mkamwa ndikotsika.

Chingachitike ndi chiyani kuti muchepetse chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo panthawi yogonana?

Anthu akakhala ndi kachilombo ka HIV m'magazi awo, zimakhala zosavuta kuti atenge HIV kwa omwe amagonana nawo. Mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya kachilombo ka HIV angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuletsa kachirombo ka HIV kuti isadziwonjezere, kapena kudzipanga yokha m'magazi.

Ndi mankhwalawa, anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV angathe kukwaniritsa ndi kukhala ndi kachilombo kosadziwika. Vuto losaoneka la mavairasi limachitika pamene munthu yemwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV ali ndi kachilombo kochepa kwambiri m'magazi ake kotero kuti sangathe kupezeka poyesedwa.

Anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo kosaoneka ndi maso alibe "chiopsezo" chotengera HIV kwa omwe amagonana nawo, malinga ndi.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu, komanso njira zodzitetezera kwa mnzake wopanda HIV, zitha kuchepetsanso chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo.

Kodi chithandizo chothandizira kupewa (TasP) ndi chiyani?

"Kuchiza ngati kupewa" (TasP) ndi mawu omwe amafotokoza za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya kachilombo ka HIV pofuna kupewa kufalitsa kachirombo ka HIV.

Edzizambiri, wogwira ntchito ku Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Ntchito za Anthu ku U.S.

Ndikofunika kuyamba mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya kachilombo ka HIV posachedwa pambuyo poti apezeka. Kuchiza msanga kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha munthu kupatsira kachilombo ka HIV komanso kumachepetsa mwayi wopeza gawo lachitatu la HIV, lotchedwa Edzi.

Kafukufuku wa HPTN 052

Mu 2011, New England Journal of Medicine idasindikiza kafukufuku wapadziko lonse lapansi wotchedwa HPTN 052. Inapeza kuti mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya kachilombo ka HIV samangoletsa kubwereza kachilombo ka HIV kwa anthu omwe ali ndi HIV. Zimachepetsanso chiopsezo chotenga kachilomboka kwa ena.

Kafukufukuyu adawona mabanja opitilira 1,700 osakanikirana, makamaka amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Pafupifupi onse omwe adachita nawo kafukufukuyu adanenapo kuti amagwiritsa ntchito kondomu pogonana, ndipo onse adalandira upangiri.

Ena mwa omwe ali ndi HIV adayamba kulandira mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa, pomwe anali ndi kuchuluka kwa ma CD4. Selo la CD4 ndi mtundu wa khungu loyera la magazi.

Ophunzira ena omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV adalandila chithandizo mpaka ma CD4 awo atatsika.

M'mabanja omwe mnzake yemwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV amalandira chithandizo msanga, chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo ka HIV chinachepetsedwa ndi 96 peresenti.

Zosadziwika = zosasunthika

Kafukufuku wina watsimikizira kuti kukhala ndi kuchuluka kwa ma virus sikungathandize kupewa kufalitsa.

Mu 2017, lipotili linanena kuti "kulibe chiopsezo" chofalitsira ngati mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya kachilombo ka HIV amapondereza milingo ya HIV kukhala yosaoneka. Magawo osadziwika amatanthauzidwa kuti ndi ochepera makope 200 pamililita (makope / mL) amwazi.

Zotsatira izi zimakhala ngati maziko a Prevention Access Campaign's Undetectable = kampeni yosasunthika. Kampeniyi imadziwikanso kuti U = U.

Kodi anthu angagwiritse ntchito bwanji PrEP kuteteza kachirombo ka HIV?

Anthu omwe alibe kachilombo ka HIV angadziteteze kuti asatenge kachilomboka pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala otchedwa pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). PrEP pakadali pano imapezeka m'mapiritsi omwe amadziwika kuti Truvada ndi Descovy.

Truvada ili ndi mankhwala awiri ochepetsa mphamvu ya kachilombo ka HIV: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate ndi emtricitabine. Descovy muli mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya kachilombo ka HIV tenofovir alafenamide ndi emtricitabine.

Kuchita bwino

PrEP imagwira ntchito kwambiri mukamamwa tsiku lililonse komanso mosasinthasintha.

Malinga ndi CDC, kafukufuku apeza kuti PrEP tsiku lililonse imatha kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha munthu kutenga kachilombo ka HIV pogonana. Daily PrEP imachepetsa chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo kupitirira 74 peresenti kwa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala obayidwa.

Ngati PrEP siyikumwedwa tsiku ndi tsiku komanso mosasinthasintha, sizothandiza kwenikweni. , monga kafukufuku wa PROUD, adalimbikitsa kulumikizana pakati pakutsatira PrEP ndi mphamvu yake.

Otsatira abwino kwambiri a PrEP

Munthu aliyense amene akukonzekera zogonana ndi yemwe ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV angafune kulingalira zopempha wothandizira zaumoyo za PrEP. PrEP itha kupindulitsanso anthu omwe amagonana popanda makondomu ndipo:

• sakudziwa momwe alili HIV mwa anzawo
• amakhala ndi zibwenzi zomwe zili ndi chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo ka HIV

Kupeza PrEP

Ndondomeko zambiri za inshuwaransi yazaumoyo zimakhudza PrEP tsopano, ndipo zowonjezeranso pambuyo pa PrEP yovomerezeka kwa anthu onse omwe ali ndi ziwopsezo zotenga kachilombo ka HIV. Lumikizanani ndi omwe amakupatsani inshuwaransi yazaumoyo kuti mumve zambiri.

Anthu ena amathanso kulandira pulogalamu yothandizidwa ndi Giliyadi, yemwe amapanga Truvada ndi Descovy.

Ndi njira zina ziti zomwe zingapewe kufalitsa kachiromboka?

Musanagonane opanda kondomu, ndibwino kuti mukayezetse HIV ndi matenda ena opatsirana pogonana. Ganizirani kufunsa anzanu ngati adayesedwa posachedwa.

Ngati membala wina apezeka ndi kachilombo ka HIV kapena matenda ena opatsirana pogonana, kulandira chithandizo kumathandiza kupewa kufala. Akhozanso kufunsa omwe amawapatsa zaumoyo momwe angachepetsere kufala kwa kachilombo.

Makondomu

Makondomu atha kuthandiza kufalitsa kachirombo ka HIV ndi matenda ena opatsirana pogonana. Zimakhala zothandiza kwambiri zikagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi iliyonse yomwe munthu amagonana. Ndikofunikanso kuzigwiritsa ntchito molingana ndi malangizo phukusi ndikuchotsa makondomu omwe atha ntchito, ogwiritsidwa ntchito, kapena ong'ambika.

Mankhwala a antiretroviral pamodzi ndi PrEP

Ngati munthu ali pachibwenzi chosakanikirana, wothandizira zaumoyo wawo angawalimbikitse iwo ndi anzawo kuphatikiza makondomu ndi mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya kachilombo ka HIV. Kuphatikizaku kumathandizira kuchepetsa kufala kwa kachirombo ka HIV.

Ngati mnzake yemwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, yemwe alibe HIV angagwiritse ntchito PrEP kuteteza kachilombo ka HIV.

Ganizirani kufunsa wothandizira zaumoyo kuti mumve zambiri za PrEP ndi njira zina zopewera.

Kodi banja losakanikirana lingakhale ndi ana?

Chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi yamankhwala, pali njira zambiri zomwe zingasankhidwe ndi mabanja omwe ali ndi mabanja osiyanasiyana.

Edzizambiri imalimbikitsa maanja osakanikirana kuti akafufuze ukadaulo wa akatswiri asanayese kutenga pakati. Wopereka chithandizo chamankhwala amatha kuwadziwitsa zomwe angasankhe kuti atenge pathupi pobereka.

Ngati membala wachikazi wa cisgender yemwe ali ndiubwenzi wosakanikirana ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, Edzizambiri imalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoperekera ubwamuna poyesayesa kutenga pakati. Njirayi imakhudzana ndi chiopsezo chotsatsira kufalitsa kachilombo ka HIV poyerekeza ndi kugonana komwe kulibe kondomu.

Ngati mwamuna wamwamuna wa cisgender yemwe ali ndiubwenzi wosiyanasiyana ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, Edzizambiri limalangiza kugwiritsa ntchito umuna kuchokera kwa omwe adatsata omwe alibe HIV kuti akhale ndi pakati. Ngati izi sizotheka, abambo amatha "kutsuka" umuna wawo labotale kuti athetse HIV.

Komabe, Edzizambiri amanenanso kuti njirayi sinatsimikizidwe kuti ndi yothandiza kwathunthu. Zimakhalanso zotsika mtengo, zomwe zimawononga madola mazana angapo.

Kodi maanja osakanikirana angathe kuyesa kutenga pakati?

Chifukwa chimakhudzana ndi kugonana popanda kondomu, kutenga pakati kumatha kuyika anthu opanda HIV pachiwopsezo chotenga kachilomboka. Komabe, pali njira zomwe awiri angatenge kuti achepetse kufala kwa HIV.

Asanayese kutenga pakati, Edzizambiri akuwonetsa kuti yemwe ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV ayese kupeputsa kuchuluka kwa ma virus momwe angathere.

Nthawi zambiri, amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya kachilombo ka HIV kuti akwaniritse kuchuluka kwa ma virus. Ngati sangatero, mnzake akhoza kuyesa PrEP.

Edzizambiri imalangizanso okwatirana omwe ali ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana kuti achepetse kugonana popanda kondomu mpaka nthawi yobereka. Kuchuluka kwachimake kumatha kuchitika masiku awiri kapena atatu isanachitike ovulation komanso patsiku la ovulation. Kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu kwa mwezi wonse kungathandize kuchepetsa kufala kwa HIV.

Kodi kachilombo ka HIV kangapatsiridwe panthawi yapakati?

Ndizotheka kuti amayi apakati omwe ali ndi HIV azifalitsa kudzera m'magazi ndi mkaka wa m'mawere. Kuchita zinthu mosamala kungachepetse ngozi.

Kuchepetsa chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo ka HIV panthawi yapakati, Edzizambiri amalimbikitsa oyembekezera kukhala:

• amalandira mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya kachilombo ka HIV asanatenge pathupi, pakati, komanso pambuyo pathupi, pathupi, ndi pobereka
• kuvomereza kuti mwana wawo amuthandize ndi mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya kachilombo ka HIV kwa masabata 4 kapena 6 atabadwa
• pewani kuyamwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito mkaka wa mwana m'malo mwake
• lankhulani ndi omwe amawapatsa zaumoyo zaubwino wobereka, zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa makamaka kwa azimayi omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV kapena kosadziwika

Edzizambiri amanenanso kuti, ngati mayi ndi mwana wake amamwa mankhwala a HIV monga momwe amafunira, zitha kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha mwana kutenga kachilombo ka HIV kuchokera kwa mayi ake kufika pa 1 peresenti kapena kuchepera apo.

Kodi anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV ali ndi malingaliro otani lero?

Njira zamankhwala zathandizira kuti ambiri athe kukhala ndi moyo wautali komanso wathanzi ali ndi HIV. Kupita patsogolo kwazachipatala kwathandizidwanso pankhani yopewa kutenga kachilombo ka HIV, zomwe zawonjezera mwayi kwa mabanja osakanikirana.

Kuphatikiza apo, tapanga zida zothandizira kuti athandize kuthana ndi malingaliro olakwika ndi malingaliro atsankho okhudzana ndi omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Ngakhale ntchito yambiri ikuyenera kuchitika, kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu Journal of the International AIDS Society akuwonetsa kuti kupita patsogolo kukuchitika.

Musanagonane ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi kachirombo kosiyanasiyana ka HIV, ganizirani zopita kukakumana ndi wothandizira zaumoyo. Atha kuthandizira kukhazikitsa njira yopewera kufalitsa kachirombo ka HIV.

Mabanja ambiri osakanikirana ali ndi zibwenzi zogonana ngakhale atakhala ndi pakati ngakhale osadandaula kuti mnzake wopanda HIV angatenge kachilomboka.