Chotupa chaubongo - ana

Chotupa chaubongo ndi gulu (misa) la maselo osadziwika omwe amakula muubongo.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za zotupa zoyambirira muubongo mwa ana.

Zomwe zimayambitsa zotupa muubongo nthawi zambiri sizidziwika. Zotupa zina zoyambirira zamaubongo zimalumikizidwa ndi ma syndromes ena kapena zimakonda kuthamanga m'banja:

• Osati khansa (yabwino)
• Kuwukira (kufalikira kumadera oyandikira)
• Khansa (yoyipa)

Zotupa zamaubongo zimagawidwa potengera:

• Malo enieni a chotupacho
• Mtundu wa minofu yomwe ikukhudzidwa
• Kaya ndi khansa

Zotupa zamaubongo zitha kuwononga mwachindunji ma cell aubongo. Atha kuwononganso njira zina za maselo pokankhira mbali zina zaubongo. Izi zimabweretsa kutupa ndikuwonjezera kukakamiza mkati mwa chigaza.

Zotupa zimatha kuchitika msinkhu uliwonse. Zotupa zambiri zimapezeka kwambiri pamsinkhu winawake. Mwambiri, zotupa zamaubongo mwa ana ndizosowa kwambiri.

MITUNDU YOFUNIKA KWAMBIRI

Astrocytomas nthawi zambiri amakhala osachita khansa, otupa pang'onopang'ono. Amakonda kukula mwa ana azaka zapakati pa 5 ndi 8. Amadziwikanso kuti ma gliomas otsika, awa ndi ma chotupa ofala kwambiri amwana mwa ana.

Medulloblastomas ndiwo mtundu wodziwika bwino wa khansa yaubongo yaubwana. Ma medulloblastomas ambiri amapezeka asanakwanitse zaka 10.

Ependymomas ndi mtundu wa chotupa chaubongo chaubwana chomwe chimatha kukhala chosaopsa (chosakhansa) kapena choyipa (khansa).Malo ndi mtundu wa ependymoma zimatsimikizira mtundu wa mankhwala omwe amafunikira kuti athetse chotupacho.

Ma Brainstem gliomas ndi zotupa zosowa kwambiri zomwe zimachitika pafupifupi mwa ana okha. Avereji ya zaka zomwe amakula ndi pafupifupi 6. Chotupacho chimatha kukula kwambiri chisanayambitse zizindikiro.

Zizindikiro zimatha kukhala zobisika ndipo zimangowonjezereka pang'onopang'ono, kapena zimatha kuchitika mwachangu kwambiri.

Mutu nthawi zambiri umakhala chizindikiro chofala kwambiri. Koma kawirikawiri ana omwe amadwala mutu amakhala ndi chotupa. Mitundu yamutu yomwe imatha kuchitika ndi zotupa zamaubongo ndi monga:

• Mutu womwe umakulirakulira ukadzuka m'mawa ndikupita patangopita maola ochepa
• Mutu womwe umakulanso ndi kukhosomola kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kapena kusintha kwa thupi
• Kumutu komwe kumachitika mukugona komanso kukhala ndi chizindikiro chimodzi monga kusanza kapena kusokonezeka

Nthawi zina, zizindikilo zokha za zotupa zamaubongo ndimasinthidwe amisala, omwe atha kukhala:

• Kusintha kwa umunthu ndi machitidwe
• Sitinathe kuganizira
• Kuchuluka kwa kugona
• Kutaya kukumbukira
• Mavuto ndi kulingalira

Zizindikiro zina zotheka ndi izi:

• Kusanza kosadziwika kawirikawiri
• Kutha pang'onopang'ono kwa kuyenda kapena kumverera mu mkono kapena mwendo
• Kumva kutayika kapena opanda chizungulire
• Kuvuta kwamalankhulidwe
• Vuto losaoneka mosayembekezereka (makamaka ngati limachitika ndimutu), kuphatikiza kutayika kwa masomphenya (nthawi zambiri masomphenya ozungulira) m'maso amodzi kapena onse awiri, kapena masomphenya awiri
• Mavuto ndi kusamala
• Kufooka kapena kuchita dzanzi

Wothandizira zaumoyo adzayesa. Makanda atha kukhala ndi izi:

• Kutulutsa fontanelle
• Maso okulitsidwa
• Palibe mawonekedwe ofiira m'maso
• Zabwino za Babinski reflex
• Osiyanasiyana sutures

Ana okalamba omwe ali ndi zotupa zamaubongo amatha kukhala ndi zizindikilo kapena zizindikilo izi:

• Mutu
• Kusanza
• Masomphenya akusintha
• Sinthani momwe mwana amayendera (gait)
• Kufooka kwa gawo linalake la thupi
• Kupendekera mutu

Mayeso otsatirawa atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azindikire chotupa chaubongo ndikuzindikira komwe ali:

• Kujambula kwa CT pamutu
• MRI yaubongo
• Kuyesedwa kwa ubongo wamtsempha wamtsempha (CSF)

Chithandizo chimadalira kukula ndi mtundu wa chotupacho komanso thanzi la mwanayo. Zolinga zamankhwala zitha kukhala kuchiritsa chotupacho, kuchotsa zisonyezo, ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito aubongo kapena chisangalalo cha mwana.

Kuchita opaleshoni kumafunikira pamatumbo ambiri oyambira muubongo. Zotupa zina zimatha kuchotsedwa kwathunthu. Nthawi yomwe chotupacho sichingachotsedwe, opaleshoni ingathandize kuchepetsa kupanikizika ndikuchepetsa zizindikilo. Chemotherapy kapena radiation radiation itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazotupa zina.

Otsatirawa ndi mankhwala amtundu wina wa zotupa:

• Astrocytoma: Kuchita opaleshoni kuti muchotse chotupacho ndiye chithandizo chachikulu. Chemotherapy kapena radiation radiation itha kukhala yofunikira.
• Brainstem gliomas: Opaleshoni sangakhale yotheka chifukwa cha chotupa chomwe chili mkati mwa ubongo. Poizoniyu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa chotupacho komanso kutalikitsa moyo. Nthawi zina mankhwala olimbana ndi chemotherapy amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
• Ependymomas: Chithandizo chimaphatikizapo opaleshoni. Kutentha ndi chemotherapy kungakhale kofunikira.
• Medulloblastomas: Kuchita maopaleshoni payekha sikuchiza chotupacho. Chemotherapy yokhala ndi radiation kapena yopanda radiation imagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi opaleshoni.

Mankhwala omwe amachiza ana omwe ali ndi zotupa zoyambirira muubongo ndi awa:

• Corticosteroids kuti achepetse kutupa kwa ubongo
• Odzetsa (mapiritsi amadzi) kuti achepetse kutupa kwa ubongo ndi kukakamizidwa
• Maanticonvulsants ochepetsa kapena kupewa kugwidwa
• Mankhwala opweteka
• Chemotherapy yothandiza kuchepetsa chotupacho kapena kupewa chotupacho kukula

Njira zachitonthozo, njira zachitetezo, chithandizo chamankhwala, chithandizo chantchito, ndi zina zotere zingafunike kuti mukhale ndi moyo wabwino.

Mutha kuchepetsa nkhawa zamankhwala ndikulowa nawo gulu lothandizira khansa. Kugawana ndi ena omwe akukumana ndi mavuto omwe akukumana nawo kungakuthandizeni inu ndi mwana wanu kuti musamve nokha.

Momwe mwana amachitira bwino zimadalira zinthu zambiri, kuphatikiza mtundu wa chotupa. Mwambiri, pafupifupi ana atatu mwa anayi aliwonse amakhala ndi moyo osachepera zaka 5 atapezeka ndi matendawa.

Mavuto a ubongo wa nthawi yayitali komanso dongosolo lamanjenje zimatha kubwera chifukwa chotupa kapena chithandizo chamankhwala. Ana atha kukhala ndi mavuto osamala, chidwi, kapena kukumbukira. Amathanso kukhala ndi mavuto pokonza zidziwitso, kukonzekera, kuzindikira, kapena chidwi kapena akufuna kuchita zinthu.

Ana ochepera zaka 7, makamaka ochepera zaka 3, amawoneka kuti ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha zovuta izi.

Makolo akuyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti ana alandila chithandizo kunyumba ndi kusukulu.

Itanani wothandizira ngati mwana adwala mutu womwe sutha kapena zizindikilo zina za chotupa muubongo.

Pitani kuchipinda chodzidzimutsa ngati mwana akupanga izi:

• Kufooka kwakuthupi
• Sinthani machitidwe
• Mutu wambiri wosadziwika
• Kulanda chifukwa chosadziwika
• Masomphenya akusintha
• Kulankhula kumasintha

Mitundu yambiri ya Glioblastoma - ana; Ependymoma - ana; Glioma - ana; Astrocytoma - ana; Medulloblastoma - ana; Neuroglioma - ana; Oligodendroglioma - ana; Meningioma - ana; Khansa - chotupa chaubongo (ana)

• Kutulutsa kwa ubongo - kutulutsa
• Opaleshoni ya ubongo - kutulutsa
• Chemotherapy - zomwe mungafunse dokotala wanu
• Thandizo la radiation - mafunso omwe mungafunse dokotala wanu

• Ubongo
• Chotupa chachikulu chaubongo

Kieran MW, Chi SN, Manley PE, ndi al. Zotupa zaubongo ndi msana. Mu: Orkin SH, Fisher DE, Ginsburg D, Yang'anani AT, Lux SE, Nathan DG, eds. Nathan ndi Oski a Hematology ndi Oncology of Infancy and Childhood. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015: chap 57.

Tsamba la National Cancer Institute. Ubongo waubwana ndi zotupa za msana mwachidule (PDQ): mtundu wa akatswiri azaumoyo. www.cancer.gov/types/brain/hp/child-brain-kuchiza-pdq. Idasinthidwa pa Ogasiti 2, 2017. Idapezeka pa Ogasiti 26, 2019.

Zaky W, Ater JL, Khatua S. Zotupa zamaubongo ali mwana. Mu: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, olemba. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Wolemba 21. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 524.