Matenda a Autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ndimatenda akulera. Nthawi zambiri imawonekera mzaka zitatu zoyambirira za moyo. ASD imakhudza kuthekera kwa ubongo kukulitsa maluso abwinobwino ochezera komanso oyankhulana.

Zomwe zimayambitsa ASD sizikudziwika. Zikuwoneka kuti zifukwa zingapo zimapangitsa ASD. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti majini atha kukhala nawo, popeza ASD imagwira ntchito m'mabanja ena. Mankhwala ena omwe amatengedwa ali ndi pakati amathanso kuyambitsa ASD mwa mwanayo.

Zoyambitsa zina zakayikiridwa, koma sizinatsimikizidwe. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti kuwonongeka kwa gawo lina la ubongo, lotchedwa amygdala, kumatha kukhala kotheka. Ena akuyang'ana ngati kachilombo kangayambitse zizindikiro.

Makolo ena amvapo kuti katemera amatha kuyambitsa ASD. Koma kafukufuku sanapeze chiyanjano pakati pa katemera ndi ASD. Magulu onse azachipatala komanso aboma akuti palibe kulumikizana pakati pa katemera ndi ASD.

Kuchuluka kwa ana omwe ali ndi ASD kumatha kukhala chifukwa chakuzindikira komanso matanthauzidwe atsopano a ASD. Matenda a Autism tsopano akuphatikizapo ma syndromes omwe kale amawawona ngati mavuto osiyana:

• Matenda a Autistic
• Matenda a Asperger
• Matenda osokoneza ana
• Matenda omwe akukula kwambiri

Makolo ambiri a ana a ASD amakayikira kuti china chake chalakwika panthawi yomwe mwana amakhala ndi miyezi 18. Ana omwe ali ndi ASD nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mavuto ndi:

• Yerekezerani kusewera
• Kuyanjana pakati pa anthu
• Kulankhulana m'mawu komanso mosagwiritsa ntchito mawu

Ana ena amawoneka ngati abwinobwino asanakwanitse zaka 1 kapena 2. Kenako mwadzidzidzi amataya chilankhulo kapena luso lomwe amakhala nalo kale.

Zizindikiro zimatha kusiyanasiyana mpaka zolimba.

Munthu amene ali ndi autism atha:

• Khalani tcheru kwambiri pakuwona, kumva, kugwira, kununkhiza, kapena kulawa (mwachitsanzo, amakana kuvala zovala "zoyipa" ndikukwiya ngati akukakamizidwa kuvala zovala)
• Khalani okwiya kwambiri mukamasintha zochita zanu
• Bwerezani kusuntha kwa thupi mobwerezabwereza
• Khalani omangika modabwitsa pazinthu

Mavuto olumikizirana atha kuphatikiza:

• Simungayambitse kapena kusunga zokambirana
• Gwiritsani ntchito manja m'malo mokhala ndi mawu
• Kukulitsa chilankhulo pang'onopang'ono kapena ayi
• Sichotsa mawonekedwe kuti ayang'ane zinthu zomwe ena akuyang'ana
• Sizimangonena za inu nokha (mwachitsanzo, akuti "mukufuna madzi" pomwe mwanayo amatanthauza "Ndikufuna madzi")
• Sichikulozera kuwonetsa anthu ena zinthu (zomwe zimachitika miyezi 14 yoyambirira ya moyo)
• Amabwereza mawu kapena mavesi oloweza pamtima, monga zotsatsa

Kuyanjana pakati pa anthu:

• Sipanga anzako
• Sasewera masewera olumikizirana
• Wapatutsidwa
• Simungayankhe poyang'ana pamaso kapena kumwetulira, kapena mungapewe kukhudzana m'maso
• Mutha kutenga ena ngati zinthu
• Amakonda kukhala wekha m'malo mokhala ndi ena
• Satha kuwonetsa chisoni

Kuyankha kuzidziwitso zazidziwitso:

• Sachita mantha phokoso lalikulu
• Ali ndi mphamvu zakuthambo kwambiri kapena zochepa kwambiri zakumva, kumva, kugwira, kununkhiza, kapena kulawa
• Mutha kupeza phokoso labwinopo ndikugwira manja awo m'makutu mwawo
• Mutha kuchoka pakukhudzana ndi thupi chifukwa ndizopatsa chidwi kapena kutopetsa
• Amapaka malo, mkamwa kapena zinthu zonyambita
• Mutha kukhala ndi mayankho okwera kwambiri kapena otsika kwambiri ku zowawa

Sewerani:

• Satsanzira zochita za ena
• Amakonda kusewera payekha kapena mwamwambo
• Amawonetsa sewero loyerekeza kapena longoyerekeza

Makhalidwe:

• Amachita mokalipa kwambiri
• Amakhala pamutu umodzi kapena ntchito imodzi
• Ali ndi chidwi chanthawi yayitali
• Ali ndi zokonda zochepa
• Amachita zambiri kapena amangokhala chete
• Amachita nkhanza kwa ena kapena kudzikonda
• Zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwakukulu kuti zinthu zikhale chimodzimodzi
• Imabwereza kusuntha kwa thupi

Ana onse ayenera kukhala ndi mayeso omwe ana awo amalemba.Mayesero ena angafunike ngati wothandizira zaumoyo kapena makolo akukhudzidwa. Izi ndizowona ngati mwana sakwaniritsa chilichonse mwazinthu zazikulu izi:

• Kubwereza miyezi 12
• Kugwedeza manja (kuloza, kutsanzikana) ndi miyezi 12
• Kuyankhula mawu osakwatiwa pakadutsa miyezi 16
• Kunena mawu awiri mwadzidzidzi pakatha miyezi 24 (osati kungobwereza)
• Kutaya chilankhulo chilichonse kapena maluso amisinkhu iliyonse

Ana awa angafunike mayeso omvera, kuyesa magazi, komanso kuyezetsa ASD.

Wopereka chithandizo wodziwa kupeza ndi kuchiza ASD ayenera kumuwona mwanayo kuti adziwe momwe alili. Chifukwa palibe kuyezetsa magazi kwa ASD, matendawa nthawi zambiri amatengera malangizo ochokera m'buku lachipatala lotchedwa Kusanthula ndi Buku Lophatikiza la Mavuto Amisili (DSM-V).

Kuwunika kwa ASD nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo mayeso athunthu amthupi ndi amanjenje (neurologic). Mayesero angachitike kuti muwone ngati pali vuto ndi majini kapena kagayidwe kake ka thupi. Metabolism ndimachitidwe amthupi ndi mankhwala.

ASD imaphatikizapo zizindikiro zambiri. Chifukwa chake, kuwunika kumodzi, mwachidule sikungadziwitse luso lenileni la mwana. Ndibwino kukhala ndi gulu la akatswiri kuti liwunike mwanayo. Atha kuwunika:

• Kulankhulana
• Chilankhulo
• Maluso amagetsi
• Kulankhula
• Kupambana kusukulu
• Luso la kulingalira

Makolo ena safuna kuti mwana wawo awazindikire chifukwa choopa kuti mwanayo adzalembedwa. Koma popanda kudziwika, mwana wawo sangalandire chithandizo chofunikira.

Pakadali pano, kulibe mankhwala a ASD. Dongosolo lothandizira lithandizanso kwambiri kuwonera ana ambiri aang'ono. Mapulogalamu ambiri amamangira zofuna za mwanayo munthawi yokhazikika yazinthu zomangirira.

Ndondomeko zamankhwala zitha kuphatikiza njira, kuphatikiza:

• Kusanthula kwamachitidwe (ABA)
• Mankhwala, ngati angafunike
• Thandizo lantchito
• Thandizo lakuthupi
• Chithandizo cha chilankhulo

ANAGWIRITSA NTCHITO PAKHALIDWE (ABA)

Pulogalamuyi ndi ya ana aang'ono. Zimathandiza nthawi zina. ABA imagwiritsa ntchito kuphunzitsa m'modzi m'modzi komwe kumalimbitsa maluso osiyanasiyana. Cholinga ndikuti mwana akhale pafupi ndi magwiridwe antchito azaka zawo.

Pulogalamu ya ABA nthawi zambiri imachitika m'nyumba ya mwana. Katswiri wama psychology amayang'anira pulogalamuyi. Mapulogalamu a ABA akhoza kukhala okwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo sagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi masukulu. Nthawi zambiri makolo amayenera kupeza ndalama ndi malembedwe aantchito kuchokera kuzinthu zina, zomwe sizipezeka mmadera ambiri.

MPHAMVU

Pulogalamu ina imatchedwa Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children (TEACCH). Imagwiritsa ntchito magawo azithunzi ndi zina zowonekera. Izi zimathandiza ana kugwira ntchito pawokha ndikukonzekera ndikukonzekera madera awo.

Ngakhale TEACCH imayesetsa kukonza maluso a mwana komanso kutha kusintha, imavomerezanso zovuta zomwe zimakhudzana ndi ASD. Mosiyana ndi mapulogalamu a ABA, TEACCH sichiyembekezera kuti ana angakwanitse kukula ndi chithandizo.

MANKHWALA

Palibe mankhwala omwe amachiza ASD yokha. Koma mankhwala nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthana ndi mavuto amikhalidwe omwe anthu omwe ali ndi ASD amakhala nawo. Izi zikuphatikiza:

• Chiwawa
• Nkhawa
• Mavuto osamalira
• Zokakamiza kwambiri zomwe mwanayo sangayime
• Kutengeka
• Kutengeka
• Kukwiya
• Maganizo amasintha
• Kupsa mtima
• Kuvuta kugona
• Kuvuta

Ndi risperidone yokha yomwe imavomerezedwa kuti ichiritse ana azaka zapakati pa 5 mpaka 16 chifukwa chokwiyitsa komanso kupsa mtima komwe kumatha kuchitika ndi ASD. Mankhwala ena omwe atha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi othandizira kutonthoza komanso othandizira.

Zakudya

Ana ena omwe ali ndi ASD amawoneka kuti amachita bwino ngati alibe zakudya zopanda thanzi kapena zopanda ma casin. Gluten ali mu zakudya zomwe zili ndi tirigu, rye, ndi balere. Casein ali mkaka, tchizi, ndi zinthu zina zamkaka. Si akatswiri onse omwe amavomereza kuti kusintha kwa zakudya kumathandiza. Ndipo si maphunziro onse omwe awonetsa zotsatira zabwino.

Ngati mukuganiza zakusintha kwa zakudya izi kapena zina, lankhulani ndi omwe amakupatsirani mankhwala komanso wolemba zakudya. Mukufuna kutsimikiza kuti mwana wanu akupezabe zopatsa mphamvu zokwanira komanso michere yoyenera.

NJIRA ZINA

Chenjerani ndi mankhwala odziwika bwino a ASD omwe alibe chithandizo chasayansi, komanso malipoti azachiritso zodabwitsa. Ngati mwana wanu ali ndi ASD, lankhulani ndi makolo ena. Kambiranani nkhawa zanu ndi akatswiri a ASD. Tsatirani kupita patsogolo kwa kafukufuku wa ASD, yomwe ikukula mwachangu.

Mabungwe ambiri amapereka zina zowonjezera ndikuthandizira pa ASD.

Ndi chithandizo choyenera, zizindikiro zambiri za ASD zimatha kusintha. Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi ASD amakhala ndi zizindikiro m'moyo wawo wonse. Koma, amatha kukhala ndi mabanja awo kapena mdera lawo.

ASD imatha kulumikizidwa ndi zovuta zina zamaubongo, monga:

• Matenda a Fragile X
• Kulemala kwamaluso
• Tuberous sclerosis

Anthu ena omwe ali ndi autism amakomoka.

Kupsinjika kochita ndi autism kumatha kubweretsa zovuta zamaganizidwe am'mabanja ndi osamalira, komanso kwa munthu amene ali ndi autism.

Nthawi zambiri makolo amakayikira kuti pali vuto lokula msanga matenda asanachitike. Itanani omwe akukuthandizani ngati mukuganiza kuti mwana wanu sakukula bwino.

Satha kulankhula bwinobwino; Matenda osokoneza bongo; Matenda a Asperger; Matenda osokoneza ana; Matenda omwe akukula kwambiri

Maphunziro a Bridgemohan CF. Matenda a Autism. Mu: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, olemba. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Wolemba 21. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 54.

Malo Othandizira Kuteteza ndi Kuteteza tsamba lawebusayiti. Matenda a Autism, malingaliro ndi malangizo. www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/hcp-recommendations.html. Idasinthidwa pa Ogasiti 27, 2019. Idapezeka pa Meyi 8, 2020.

Nass R, Sidhu R, Ross G. Autism ndi zolemala zina zakukula. Mu: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, olemba. Neurology ya Bradley mu Kuchita Zachipatala. Wachisanu ndi chiwiri. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: chap 90.

Tsamba la National Institute of Mental Health. Matenda a Autism. www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml. Idasinthidwa pa Marichi 2018. Idapezeka pa Meyi 8, 2020.