Matenda amawu

Matenda amawu ndi mtundu wamalankhulidwe amawu. Matenda amawu ndikulephera kupanga bwino mawu amawu. Matenda amawu amalankhulanso ndimatchulidwe, kusachita bwino, komanso mavuto amawu.

Ana omwe ali ndi vuto lamawu sagwiritsa ntchito mawu ena onse kapena mawu kuti apange mawu monga amayembekezera kwa mwana wazaka zawo.

Matendawa amapezeka kwambiri mwa anyamata.

Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda amawu mwa ana nthawi zambiri sizidziwika. Achibale apafupi mwina anali ndi vuto lakulankhula komanso chilankhulo.

Mwa mwana yemwe akuyamba kuyankhula bwino:

• Pofika zaka 3, theka la zomwe mwana wanena ayenera kumvetsetsa ndi mlendo.
• Mwanayo ayenera kumveka bwino kwambiri pofika zaka 4 kapena 5, kupatula mawu ochepa monga l, s, r, v, z, ch, sh, ndipo th.
• Kumveka kovuta sikungakhale kolondola mpaka zaka 7 kapena 8.

Si zachilendo kwa ana aang'ono kulankhula molakwika pamene chilankhulo chawo chikukula.

Ana omwe ali ndi vuto la mawu amatha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolankhulira zolakwika kupitilira zaka zomwe amayenera kusiya kuzigwiritsa ntchito.

Malamulo olakwika kapena zolankhula zimaphatikizaponso kutulutsa mawu oyamba kapena omaliza a liwu lililonse kapena kusintha mawu ena kwa ena.

Ana amatha kusiya mawu ngakhale amatha kutchula mawu omwewo akamachitika mwazinthu zina kapena ndi masilabo. Mwachitsanzo, mwana yemwe waponya makonsonanti omaliza atha kunena "boo" kwa "buku" ndi "pi" kwa "nkhumba", koma sangakhale ndi vuto kunena mawu ngati "kiyi" kapena "pitani".

Zolakwitsa izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti anthu ena amvetsetse mwanayo. Achibale okha ndi omwe amatha kumvetsetsa mwana yemwe ali ndi vuto lakulankhula kwaphokoso kwambiri.

Katswiri wazamalankhulidwe olankhula amatha kuzindikira matenda amawu. Amatha kumufunsa mwanayo kuti anene mawu kenako ndikugwiritsa ntchito mayeso monga Arizona-4 (Arizona Articulation and Phonology Scale, 4th revision).

Ana akuyenera kufufuzidwa kuti athetse zovuta zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zovuta za phonological. Izi zikuphatikiza:

• Mavuto ozindikira (monga kupunduka kwamaganizidwe)
• Kumva kuwonongeka
• Mavuto amitsempha (monga matenda a ubongo)
• Mavuto amthupi (monga kukamwa kwa m'kamwa)

Wothandizira zaumoyo ayenera kufunsa mafunso, monga ngati zilankhulo zingapo kapena chilankhulo china chimayankhulidwa kunyumba.

Mitundu yayikulu yamatendawa imatha kutha ndiokha pazaka pafupifupi 6.

Chithandizo chamalankhulidwe chitha kuthandiza zisonyezo zowopsa kapena zovuta zakulankhula zomwe sizikhala bwino. Therapy imatha kuthandiza mwana kupanga mawu. Mwachitsanzo, wothandizira atha kuwonetsa komwe angaike lilime kapena momwe angapangire milomo popanga mawu.

Zotsatira zake zimatengera zaka zomwe matendawa adayamba komanso kukula kwake. Ana ambiri amakula ndikulankhula.

Zikakhala zovuta, mwanayo amatha kukhala ndi mavuto omvedwa ngakhale ndi abale ake. Mwanjira zochepa, mwana akhoza kukhala ndi vuto kuti amvetsetsedwe ndi anthu ena omwe siabanja lake. Mavuto azikhalidwe komanso maphunziro (kuwerenga kapena kulemba zolemala) kumatha kuchitika.

Itanani omwe akukuthandizani ngati mwana wanu ali:

• Ndizovuta kumvetsetsa ndi zaka 4
• Simungathe kupanga mamvekedwe ena pofika zaka 6
• Kusiya, kusintha, kapena kusintha mawu ena ali ndi zaka 7
• Kukhala ndi mavuto olankhula omwe amachititsa manyazi

Kukula kwaphonological; Matenda amawu; Kusokonezeka kwa Kulankhula - phonological

Carter RG, Feigelman S. Zaka zakusukulu. Mu: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, olemba. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Wolemba 21. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 24.

Kelly DP, Natale MJ. Ntchito ya Neurodevelopmental and executive komanso kusokonekera. Mu: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, olemba. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Wolemba 21. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 48.

Zithunzi MD. Kukula kwa chilankhulo ndi zovuta zolumikizirana. Mu: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, olemba. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Wolemba 21. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 52.

Wophunzitsa DA, Nass RD. Mavuto azilankhulo. Mu: Swaiman KF, Ashwal S, Ferriero DM, et al, olemba. Swaiman's Pediatric Neurology: Mfundo ndi Zochita. Lachisanu ndi chimodzi. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017: mutu 53.