Kukula kwaunyamata

Kukula kwa ana azaka zapakati pa 12 mpaka 18 kuyenera kuphatikizira zochitika zazikulu zakuthupi ndi zamaganizidwe.

Pazaka zaunyamata, ana amakulitsa luso la:

• Mvetsetsani malingaliro osamveka. Izi zikuphatikiza kumvetsetsa malingaliro apamwamba a masamu, ndikupanga malingaliro azikhalidwe, kuphatikiza ufulu ndi mwayi.
• Pangani ndi kusunga maubwenzi okhutiritsa. Achinyamata aphunzira kugawana zachikondi popanda kuda nkhawa kapena kudziletsa.
• Pitani kumalingaliro okhwima a iwo eni komanso cholinga chawo.
• Funsani zamakhalidwe akale osataya dzina lawo.

KUKULA KWA THUPI

Pakati paunyamata, achinyamata amakumana ndi zosintha zambiri akamakula. Kusintha koyambirira, kusanachitike kumachitika mikhalidwe yachiwiri yakugonana.

Atsikana:

• Atsikana amatha kuyamba kukula mabere ali ndi zaka 8. Mabere amakula bwino pakati pa zaka 12 ndi 18.
• Tsitsi la pubic, khwapa ndi mwendo nthawi zambiri zimayamba kukula pafupifupi zaka 9 kapena 10, ndikufikira misinkhu ya achikulire pafupifupi zaka 13 mpaka 14.
• Kutha msinkhu (kumayambiriro kwa msambo) kumachitika pafupifupi zaka ziwiri kuchokera pomwe mawere a m'mawere ndi m'mimba amabwera. Zitha kuchitika ndili ndi zaka 9, kapena mochedwa zaka 16. Avereji ya msambo ku United States ndi pafupifupi zaka 12.
• Kukula kwa atsikana kumawonjezeka pafupifupi zaka 11.5 ndikuchepera zaka pafupifupi 16.

Anyamata:

• Anyamata amayamba kuzindikira kuti machende ndi minyewa yawo amakula ali ndi zaka 9. Posakhalitsa, mbolo imayamba kutalika. Pofika zaka 17 kapena 18, ziwalo zawo zoberekera nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu komanso mawonekedwe.
• Kukula kwaubulu, komanso kukhwapa, mwendo, chifuwa, ndi nkhope, kumayambira anyamata ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 12, ndikufikira misinkhu ya achikulire pafupifupi zaka 17 mpaka 18.
• Anyamata samayamba kutha msinkhu mwadzidzidzi, monga kuyamba kusamba kwa atsikana. Kukhala ndi mpweya wapausiku nthawi zonse (maloto onyentchera) ndi chiyambi cha kutha msinkhu mwa anyamata. Maloto amadzi amayamba pakati pa zaka 13 ndi 17. Zaka zapakati pazaka pafupifupi 14 ndi theka.
• Mawu a anyamata amasintha nthawi yomweyo mbolo ikamakula. Kutulutsa kwamadzulo kumachitika pachimake pa kutalika kwakutali.
• Kukula kwa anyamata kumakwera pafupifupi zaka 13 ndi theka ndikuchepera zaka 18.

MAKHALIDWE

Kusintha kwadzidzidzi komanso kwakanthawi komwe achinyamata amakumana nako kumapangitsa achinyamata kukhala amantha. Amachita chidwi, komanso kuda nkhawa kuti matupi awo asintha. Amatha kudzifananitsa mopweteka ndi anzawo.

Kusintha kwakuthupi sikungachitike mosadukiza, mokhazikika. Chifukwa chake, achinyamata amatha kuchita zovuta, m'mawonekedwe awo ndi kulumikizana kwawo. Atsikana atha kukhala ndi nkhawa ngati sanakonzekere msambo wawo. Anyamata atha kudandaula ngati sakudziwa zakutulutsa usiku.

Mkati mwa unyamata, nkwachibadwa kuti achinyamata ayambe kudzipatula kwa makolo awo ndi kudzipangira okha. Nthawi zina, izi zimachitika popanda vuto kuchokera kwa makolo awo komanso abale ena.Komabe, izi zitha kubweretsa kusamvana m'mabanja ena popeza makolo amayesetsa kulamulira.

Anzanu amakhala ofunikira kwambiri pamene achinyamata amachoka kwa makolo awo kuti akadziwe okha.

• Gulu la anzawo atha kukhala pabwino. Izi zimathandiza wachinyamata kuyesa malingaliro atsopano.
• Kumayambiriro kwaunyamata, gulu la anzawo nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi anzawo osakondana. Izi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo "magulu," magulu, kapena zibonga. Omwe ali mgulu la anzawo nthawi zambiri amayesa kuchita mofanana, kuvala mofanana, kukhala ndi zinsinsi zachikhalidwe kapena miyambo, ndikuchita nawo zomwezo.
• Mnyamata akamayamba kukhala pakati paunyamata (zaka 14 mpaka 16) kupitirira apo, gulu la anzawo limakulitsa ndikupanga zibwenzi zachikondi.

Pakati pa kutha msinkhu, achinyamata nthawi zambiri amawona kufunika koti adziwe kuti ndi ndani pazogonana. Ayenera kukhala omasuka ndi matupi awo komanso malingaliro azakugonana. Achinyamata amaphunzira kufotokoza ndi kulandira kukondana kapena kugonana. Achinyamata omwe alibe mwayi wokumana ndi zotere akhoza kukhala ndi nthawi yovuta ndi zibwenzi zapamtima atakula.

Achinyamata nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zizolowezi zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zikhulupiriro zingapo zaunyamata:

• Nthano yoyamba ndiyakuti "ali pa siteji" ndipo chidwi cha anthu ena chimangoyang'ana mawonekedwe awo kapena zochita zawo. Izi ndizomwe umangodzikonda. Komabe, zitha kuwoneka (makamaka kwa akulu) kumalire ndi paranoia, kudzikonda (narcissism), kapena chipwirikiti.
• Nthano ina yokhudza unyamata ndi lingaliro loti "sizidzandichitikira ine, koma winayo." "Itha" kuyimira kutenga pakati kapena kutenga matenda opatsirana pogonana atagonana mosadziteteza, kuyambitsa ngozi yagalimoto pomwe mukuyendetsa mowa mwauchidakwa kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kapena zina zambiri zoyipa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chokhala ndi chiopsezo.

CHITETEZO

Achinyamata amakhala olimba komanso odziyimira pawokha asanakhale ndi luso losankha zochita. Kufunika kwakukulu kovomerezedwa ndi anzawo kumatha kuyesa wachinyamata kuti atenge nawo mbali pazochita zowopsa.

Chitetezo cha magalimoto chikuyenera kutsindika. Iyenera kuyang'ana paudindo wa driver / passenger / oyenda pansi, kuopsa kogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, komanso kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito malamba ampando. Achinyamata sayenera kukhala ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito magalimoto pokhapokha ngati angawonetse kuti angathe kutero mosatekeseka.

Nkhani zina zachitetezo ndi izi:

• Achinyamata omwe amachita nawo masewerawa ayenera kuphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodzitchinjiriza kapena zovala. Ayenera kuphunzitsidwa malamulo amasewera otetezeka komanso momwe angachitire zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri.
• Achichepere amafunika kudziwa za zoopsa zomwe zingachitike kuphatikizapo kufa mwadzidzidzi. Zowopseza izi zimatha kuchitika ndikumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndikuyesera.
• Achinyamata omwe amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito kapena kukhala ndi mfuti ayenera kuphunzira momwe angawagwiritsire ntchito moyenera.

Ngati achinyamata akuyenera kuwunikidwa ngati akuwoneka kuti ali kutali ndi anzawo, alibe chidwi ndi sukulu kapena zochitika zina, kapena sachita bwino kusukulu, pantchito, kapena pamasewera.

Achinyamata ambiri amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kukhumudwa komanso kuyesa kudzipha. Izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa chakukakamizidwa komanso kusamvana m'mabanja mwawo, sukulu kapena mabungwe azamagulu, magulu anzawo, komanso maubale apamtima.

MALANGIZO OLELELEZA KUKHALA ZA KUGONANA

Achinyamata nthawi zambiri amafuna kukhala achinsinsi kuti amvetsetse zomwe zikuchitika mthupi lawo. Momwemo, ayenera kuloledwa kukhala ndi chipinda chawo chogona. Ngati izi sizingatheke, ayenera kukhala ndi malo ena payekha.

Kuseketsa mwana wachinyamata za kusintha kwa thupi sikuyenera. Zingayambitse kudzidalira komanso manyazi.

Makolo ayenera kukumbukira kuti ndizachilengedwe komanso zachilendo kuti mwana wawo wachinyamata azisangalala ndi kusintha kwa thupi komanso nkhani zakugonana. Sizitanthauza kuti mwana wawo amachita zogonana.

Achinyamata amatha kuyesa zogonana kapena machitidwe osiyanasiyana asanakhale omasuka ndi mikhalidwe yawo yakugonana. Makolo ayenera kusamala kuti asatchule machitidwe atsopano "olakwika," "odwala," kapena "achisembwere."

Zovuta za Oedipal (zokopa za mwana kwa kholo lachiwerewere) ndizofala pazaka zaunyamata. Makolo atha kuthana ndi izi povomereza kusintha kwakuthupi ndi kukongola kwa mwanayo popanda kuwoloka malire a kholo ndi mwana. Makolo amathanso kunyadira kukula kwaunyamata kufikira kukhwima.

Zimakhala zachilendo kuti kholo liziwona kuti mnyamatayo ndi wokongola. Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri chifukwa wachinyamata nthawi zambiri amawoneka ngati kholo lina (amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) momwe adawonera ali wamng'ono. Kukopa kumeneku kumatha kuchititsa kholo kukhala lopanda tanthauzo. Kholo liyenera kusamala kuti lisapangitse mtunda womwe ungamupangitse mwanayo kudzimva kuti ndi wodalirika. Sizoyenera kuti kukopa kwa kholo kwa mwana kumangokhala kokopa monga kholo. Kukopa komwe kumadutsa malire a makolo ndi mwana kumatha kubweretsa zikhalidwe zosayenera ndi wachinyamata. Izi zimadziwika kuti pachibale.

KUKHULUPIRIRA NDI MPHAMVU ZIKULIMBITSA

Kufunitsitsa kwa wachinyamata kuti akhale wodziyimira pawokha ndichinthu chofunikira pakukula. Kholo siliyenera kuwona ngati kukanidwa kapena kulephera kuwongolera. Makolo ayenera kukhala okhazikika komanso osasintha. Ayenera kupezeka kuti amvetsere malingaliro a mwanayo popanda kuwongolera kudziyimira pawokha kwa mwanayo.

Ngakhale achinyamata nthawi zonse amatsutsa olamulira, amafunikira kapena amafuna malire. Malire amapereka malire otetezeka kuti iwo akule ndikugwira ntchito. Kukhazikitsa malire kumatanthauza kukhala ndi malamulo ndi malamulo omwe amakhazikitsidwa kale pamakhalidwe awo.

Kulimbirana mphamvu kumayambira pomwe ulamuliro uli pachiwopsezo kapena "kukhala wolondola" ndiye vuto lalikulu. Izi ziyenera kupewedwa, ngati zingatheke. Phwando limodzi (makamaka wachinyamata) lidzagonjetsedwa. Izi zithandizira achinyamata kutaya nkhope. Wachinyamata akhoza kukhala wamanyazi, wosakwanira, wokwiya, komanso wokwiya chifukwa cha izi.

Makolo ayenera kukhala okonzeka ndikuzindikira mikangano yomwe ingachitike mukakhala makolo achichepere. Zomwe zimachitikazo zitha kukhudzidwa ndimavuto osasinthidwa kuyambira ubwana wa kholo, kapena kuyambira ali mwana.

Makolo ayenera kudziwa kuti achinyamata awo mobwerezabwereza adzatsutsa ulamuliro wawo. Kuyika njira zolumikizirana momasuka komanso momveka, koma zokambirana, malire kapena malire kungathandize kuchepetsa mikangano yayikulu.

Makolo ambiri amamva kuti ali ndi nzeru zambiri komanso amadzikulitsa pakakhala zovuta zakulera achinyamata.

Kukula - unyamata; Kukula ndi chitukuko - wachinyamata

• Matenda a achinyamata

Hazen EP, Abrams AN, Muriel AC. Kukula kwa mwana, unyamata, komanso kukula kwa munthu wamkulu. Mu: Stern TA, Fava M, Wilens TE, Rosenbaum JF, olemba. Chipatala cha Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry. Wachiwiri ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: chap 5.

Holland-Hall CM. Kukula kwachinyamata kwakuthupi ndi chikhalidwe. Mu: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, olemba. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Wolemba 21. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 132.

[Adasankhidwa] Marcdante KJ, Kliegman RM. Zowunikira ndi kuwunika kwa achinyamata. Mu: Marcdante KJ, Kliegman RM, olemba. Nelson Zofunikira pa Matenda a Ana. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019: chap 67.