9 Zizindikiro za Anorexia Nervosa

Zamkati

• 1. Kukonzekera Kuchepetsa Kunenepa
• 2. Kuyang'ana Kwambiri Ndi Chakudya, Ma calories ndi Kudya
• 3. Kusintha kwa Khalidwe ndi Maganizo
• 4. Chithunzi Cholakwika Cha Thupi
• 5. Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi mopitirira muyeso
• 6. Kukana Njala ndi Kukana Kudya
• 7. Kuchita Miyambo Yachakudya
• 8. Kumwa Mowa Mopitirira Muyeso
• 9. Kuchepetsa thupi kwambiri
• Zizindikiro Zakuthupi Zomwe Zitha Kukula Pakapita Nthawi
• Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri

Matenda a anorexia, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa anorexia, ndi vuto lalikulu pakudya momwe munthu amatengera njira zopanda pake komanso zopitilira muyeso kuti achepetse thupi kapena kupewa kunenepa.

Pali mitundu iwiri ya matendawa: mtundu woletsa komanso kudya kwambiri / kuyeretsa.

Omwe ali ndi anorexia okhwimitsa amaletsa kulemera kwawo poletsa zakudya zawo, pomwe omwe amadya / kutsuka anorexia amatulutsa zomwe adya posanza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala monga laxatives ndi diuretics.

Zinthu zovuta zosiyanasiyana zimakhudza kukula kwa anorexia. Zifukwa zopangira anorexia zitha kukhala zosiyana kwa munthu aliyense ndipo zitha kuphatikizira chibadwa, kuvulala koyambirira, matenda ena amisala monga nkhawa komanso kukhumudwa.

Anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotenga anorexia ndi akazi azaka zawo zakubadwa komanso zaka zakubadwa, ngakhale amuna ndi akazi achikulire ali pachiwopsezo (,).

Matenda a anorexia samapezeka msanga chifukwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kudya samadziwa kuti akukumana nawo, chifukwa chake sangapemphe thandizo ().

Zimakhalanso zachizoloŵezi kuti anthu omwe ali ndi anorexia asungidwe osakambirana malingaliro awo pa chakudya kapena chithunzi cha thupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti ena azindikire zizindikilo.

Palibe mayeso amodzi omwe angazindikire matendawa, chifukwa zinthu zambiri zimayenera kuganiziridwa kuti zizindikire matendawa.

Nazi zizindikiro 9 zofala za anorexia.

1. Kukonzekera Kuchepetsa Kunenepa

Kutsuka ndizofala kwa anorexia. Makhalidwe oyeretsera amaphatikizira kudzisanzitsa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ena monga laxatives kapena diuretics. Zitha kuphatikizanso kugwiritsa ntchito enemas.

Kudya kwambiri / kuyeretsa kwa anorexia kumadziwika ndi magawo akudya mopitirira muyeso ndikutsata komwe kumadzisanzitsa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala otsekemera ambirimbiri ndi njira ina yotsuka. Mankhwalawa amatengedwa pofuna kuchepetsa kuyamwa kwa chakudya ndikufulumizitsa kutuluka m'mimba ndi m'matumbo.

Momwemonso, ma diuretics nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa kukodza ndikuchepetsa madzi amthupi ngati njira yochepetsera thupi.

Kafukufuku wofufuza kuchuluka kwa kuyeretsa kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto lakudya adapeza kuti mpaka 86% adagwiritsa ntchito kusanza komwe kumadzipangitsa kudzipangira, mpaka 56% adagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndipo mpaka 49% adazunzitsa ma diuretics ().

Kutsuka kumatha kubweretsa zovuta zovuta zambiri ().

Kutsuka ndimachitidwe odzivutitsa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ena kuti muchepetse mafuta, kupewa kuyamwa chakudya ndikuchepetsa.

2. Kuyang'ana Kwambiri Ndi Chakudya, Ma calories ndi Kudya

Kuda nkhawa pafupipafupi za chakudya komanso kuyang'anira kalori moperewera ndizodziwika bwino za anorexia.

Anthu omwe ali ndi anorexia amatha kujambula chilichonse chomwe amadya, kuphatikiza madzi. Nthawi zina, amaloweza ngakhale kalori wazakudya.

Kuda nkhawa ndi kunenepa kumapangitsa kuti munthu azisangalala ndi chakudya. Omwe ali ndi anorexia amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa kalori yawo kwambiri ndipo amadya kwambiri. Ena amatha kuchotsa zakudya zina kapena magulu azakudya zonse, monga chakudya kapena mafuta, pachakudya chawo.

Ngati wina amaletsa kudya kwa nthawi yayitali, zimatha kubweretsa kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi komanso kuperewera kwa michere, zomwe zimatha kusintha malingaliro ndikuwonjezera chidwi pa chakudya (,).

Kuchepetsa kudya komwe kumathanso kumatha kukhudzanso mahomoni olimbikitsa kudya, monga insulin ndi leptin. Izi zitha kubweretsa zovuta zina zathanzi monga kuchepa kwa mafupa, komanso kubereka, kulingalira komanso kukula (,).

Kuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi chakudya ndi chizindikiro cha anorexia. Zochita zitha kuphatikizira kudula mitengo yazakudya ndikuchotsa magulu ena azakudya chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti zakudyazo zimatha kulemera.

3. Kusintha kwa Khalidwe ndi Maganizo

Anthu omwe amapezeka kuti ali ndi anorexia nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zizindikilo zina, kuphatikizapo kukhumudwa, kuda nkhawa, kuchita zinthu mopitirira muyeso, kuchita zinthu mosalakwitsa komanso kusakhudzidwa ().

Zizindikirozi zimatha kupangitsa kuti omwe ali ndi anorexia asakondweretse zinthu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosangalatsa kwa ena [[15]).

Kudziletsa mopambanitsa kulinso kofala mu anorexia. Khalidwe ili likuwonetsedwa ndikuletsa kudya kuti muchepetse kunenepa (,).

Komanso, anthu omwe ali ndi anorexia amatha kukhala osamala kwambiri podzudzulidwa, kulephera komanso zolakwika ().

Kusowa kwa mahomoni ena, monga serotonin, dopamine, oxytocin, cortisol ndi leptin, kumatha kufotokozera zina mwazomwe zili ndi anorexia (,).

Popeza mahomoniwa amawongolera momwe munthu akumvera, chilakolako chake, chilimbikitso chake ndi machitidwe ake, milingo yachilendo imatha kubweretsa kusinthasintha kwa malingaliro, kulakalaka kudya, kuchita zinthu mopupuluma, nkhawa komanso kukhumudwa (,,,).

Kuphatikiza apo, kuchepetsa kudya kumatha kubweretsa kuchepa kwa michere yomwe imakhudzidwa ndikukhazikika kwamaganizidwe ().

Kusintha kwa zizindikilo ndi zizindikilo za nkhawa, kukhumudwa, kufuna kuchita bwino zinthu mopitirira malire komanso kutengeka mtima zimapezeka mwa anthu omwe ali ndi anorexia. Makhalidwewa amayamba chifukwa cha kusamvana kwa mahomoni kapena kuperewera kwa michere.

4. Chithunzi Cholakwika Cha Thupi

Maonekedwe a thupi ndi kukongola ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu omwe ali ndi anorexia ().

Lingaliro la mawonekedwe amthupi limakhudza momwe munthu amaonera kukula kwa thupi lake komanso momwe amamvera ndi thupi lake ().

Anorexia amadziwika ndi kukhala ndi mawonekedwe olakwika amthupi komanso malingaliro olakwika pa thupi lanu ().

Pakafukufuku wina, ophunzira adawonetsa malingaliro olakwika pokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe awo. Awonetsanso kuyendetsa kwakukulu kocheperako ().

Chizolowezi cha anorexia chimakhudza kukula kwa thupi, kapena munthu amene amaganiza kuti ndi wamkulu kuposa momwe aliri ([29], [30]).

Kafukufuku wina adasanthula lingaliro ili mwa anthu 25 omwe ali ndi anorexia powawuza kuti aweruze ngati anali akulu kwambiri kuti angadutse pakhomo lotseguka ngati chitseko.

Omwe ali ndi anorexia adakulitsa kukula kwa thupi lawo, poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira ().

Kufufuza mobwerezabwereza thupi ndi khalidwe lina la anorexia. Zitsanzo za khalidweli zikuphatikizapo kudziyang'ana pagalasi, kuyang'ana miyezo ya thupi ndikutsina mafuta mbali zina za thupi lanu ().

Kuwunika thupi kumatha kukulitsa kusakhutira thupi komanso kuda nkhawa, komanso kupititsa patsogolo zoletsa anthu omwe ali ndi anorexia (,).

Kuphatikiza apo, umboni ukuwonetsa kuti masewera omwe kulemera ndi kukongoletsa komwe kumayang'aniridwa kumatha kuwonjezera ngozi ya anorexia mwa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo ([34], [35]).

Anorexia imakhudza kusintha kwa thupi ndi kuyerekezera kukula kwa thupi. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyesa kuwunika thupi kumawonjezera kusakhutira thupi ndikulimbikitsa machitidwe oletsa kudya.

5. Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi mopitirira muyeso

Omwe ali ndi anorexia, makamaka omwe ali ndi zoletsa, nthawi zambiri amalimbitsa thupi kwambiri kuti achepetse thupi ().

M'malo mwake, kafukufuku wina mwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo pa 165 adawonetsa kuti 45% ya omwe ali ndi vuto lakudya amadya mopitirira muyeso.

Pakati pa gululi, zidapeza kuti kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri kunali kofala kwambiri kwa omwe ali ndi zoletsa (80%) ndikudya kwambiri / kutsuka (43%) mitundu ya anorexia ().

Kwa achinyamata omwe ali ndi vuto la kudya, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kumaoneka ngati kofala kwambiri pakati pa akazi kuposa amuna ().

Anthu ena omwe amadwala anorexia amakhalanso ndi vuto lodziona ngati olakwa kwambiri nthawi yomwe kulimbitsa thupi kumasowa (,).

Kuyenda, kuyimirira ndikungoyenda pafupipafupi ndi mitundu ina yazolimbitsa thupi zomwe zimawonedwa mu anorexia ().

Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi zambiri kumakhalapo limodzi ndi nkhawa zambiri, kukhumudwa komanso mawonekedwe owonera kwambiri (,).

Pomaliza, zikuwoneka kuti kuchepa kwa leptin komwe kumapezeka mwa anthu omwe ali ndi anorexia kumatha kukulitsa nkhawa komanso kusakhazikika (,).

Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndichizindikiro chofunitsitsa cha anorexia, ndipo anthu omwe ali ndi anorexia amatha kumva kuti ali ndi mlandu ngati atasemphana masewera olimbitsa thupi.

6. Kukana Njala ndi Kukana Kudya

Kudya mosalekeza komanso kusadya kwambiri ndizizindikiro zofunikira za anorexia.

Mtundu wololera wa anorexia umadziwika ndikukana njala nthawi zonse ndikukana kudya.

Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zingayambitse khalidweli.

Choyamba, kusamvana kwama mahomoni kumatha kupangitsa anthu omwe ali ndi anorexia kuti azichita mantha nthawi zonse onenepa, zomwe zimayambitsa kukana kudya.

Estrogen ndi oxytocin ndi mahomoni awiri omwe amachita nawo mantha.

Kuchuluka kwama mahomoniwa omwe amapezeka mwa anthu omwe ali ndi anorexia kumatha kukhala kovuta kuthana ndi mantha omwe amakhala nawo pakudya ndi mafuta (,,).

Zovuta munjala komanso mahomoni okwanira, monga cortisol ndi peptide YY, zimathandizira kupewa kudya (,).

Anthu omwe ali ndi anorexia amatha kuchepa kwambiri kuposa kudya, zomwe zitha kuwapangitsa kuti apitilize kuletsa kudya (,,).

Kuopa nthawi zonse kunenepa kumatha kupangitsa anthu omwe ali ndi anorexia kukana chakudya ndikukana njala. Komanso, chakudya chochepa kwambiri chimatha kuwatsogolera kuti achepetse kudya.

7. Kuchita Miyambo Yachakudya

Khalidwe lokonda kudya komanso kulemera nthawi zambiri limayambitsa kudya ().

Kuchita miyambo yotere kumachepetsa nkhawa, kubweretsa chitonthozo ndikupanga mphamvu ().

Zina mwazikhalidwe zodziwika bwino za chakudya zomwe zimawonedwa mu anorexia ndi monga:

• Kudya zakudya munjira inayake
• Kudya pang'onopang'ono komanso kutafuna kwambiri
• Kukonza chakudya m'mbale m'njira inayake
• Kudya chakudya nthawi yofanana tsiku lililonse
• Kudula chakudya mzidutswa tating'ono ting'ono
• Kuyeza, kuyeza ndi kuwona kukula kwa magawo a chakudya
• Kuwerengera zopatsa mphamvu musanadye chakudyacho
• Kudya chakudya m'malo ena ake

Anthu omwe ali ndi anorexia amatha kuwona kupatuka pamiyambo iyi ngati kulephera ndikulephera kudziletsa ().

Anorexia imatha kubweretsa zizolowezi zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimatha kudzetsa mphamvu ndikuchepetsa nkhawa zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi chakudya.

8. Kumwa Mowa Mopitirira Muyeso

Nthawi zina, anorexia imatha kubweretsa kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso, mankhwala ena ndi mapiritsi azakudya.

Mowa umatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupondereza kudya komanso kuthana ndi nkhawa komanso kupsinjika.

Omwe amadya / kuyeretsa ali pachiwopsezo chokwanira cha 18 chomwa mowa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuposa mtundu woletsa (,,).

Kwa ena, kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso kumatha kutsatiridwa ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chakudya kuti athe kulipirira zakudya zomwe amamwa ().

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuphatikizapo amphetamines, caffeine kapena ephedrine, ndizofala pamtundu wokhwimitsa zinthu, chifukwa zinthu izi zimatha kupondereza kudya, kuwonjezera kagayidwe kake ndikulimbikitsa kuchepa thupi msanga ().

Kuletsa chakudya ndikuchepetsa thupi kumatha kukhudza ubongo m'njira zomwe zingakulitse chikhumbo cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo (,).

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kuchepa kwa chakudya kumatha kuyambitsa njala komanso kuyambitsa mavuto ena azaumoyo.

Anorexia imatha kubweretsa kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa komanso mankhwala ena othandizira kuchepetsa kudya kapena kuchepetsa nkhawa komanso mantha ku chakudya.

9. Kuchepetsa thupi kwambiri

Kuchepetsa thupi kwambiri ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha matenda a anorexia. Ndichimodzi mwazovuta kwambiri.

Kukula kwa anorexia kumadalira momwe munthu amaponderezera kulemera kwake. Kupondereza kunenepa ndiko kusiyana pakati pa kulemera kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa munthu ndi kulemera kwake kwapano ().

Kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuti kupondereza kunenepa kumalumikizana kwambiri ndi kulemera, nkhawa zamthupi, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kuletsa zakudya komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochepetsa kulemera ().

Ndondomeko zakuwunika kwa anorexia zimawona kuchepa kwa thupi kukhala kofunikira ngati kulemera kwakanthawi kwa thupi kuli 15% kutsika kulemera koyembekezeredwa kwa munthu wazaka zakubadwa ndi kutalika kwake, kapena ngati index ya thupi (BMI) ndi 17.5 kapena ochepera ().

Komabe, kusintha kwa thupi kumatha kukhala kovuta kuti muzindikire ndipo sikungakhale kokwanira kupeza matenda a anorexia. Chifukwa chake, zizindikilo zina ndi zina ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti zitsimikizire molondola.

Kuchepetsa thupi kwambiri ndi chizindikiro cha anorexia, monga kulemera kwa thupi kutsika pansi pa 15% ya kulemera koyembekezeredwa kwa munthu wazaka zotero ndi kutalika, kapena BMI yawo ndi yochepera 17.5.

Zizindikiro Zakuthupi Zomwe Zitha Kukula Pakapita Nthawi

Zizindikiro zomwe zatchulidwazi zitha kukhala zoyambirira komanso zowonekera bwino za anorexia.

Mwa iwo omwe ali ndi anorexia ovuta kwambiri, ziwalo za thupi zimatha kukhudzidwa ndikuyambitsa zizindikilo zina, kuphatikiza:

• Kutopa, ulesi ndi ulesi
• Kapangidwe kazimbudzi kuchokera kusanza
• Khungu lowuma komanso lachikaso
• Chizungulire
• Kuchepetsa mafupa
• Kukula kwa tsitsi labwino, lofewa kuphimba thupi
• Tsitsi losalala ndi misomali
• Kutaya minofu ndi kufooka kwa minofu
• Kuthamanga kwa magazi ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi
• Kudzimbidwa kwambiri
• Kumva kuzizira nthawi zonse chifukwa cha kutsika kwa kutentha kwa mkati

Chifukwa kuthekera kwakuti kupezanso bwino ndikokuchira msanga, ndikofunikira kufunafuna chithandizo akangodziwa.

Kukula kwa anorexia kumatha kubweretsa kusintha kosiyanasiyana ndipo kumakhudza pafupifupi ziwalo zonse za thupi. Zizindikiro zimaphatikizapo kutopa, kudzimbidwa, kumva kuzizira, tsitsi lophwanyaphwanya komanso khungu louma.

Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri

Anorexia nervosa ndi vuto la kudya lomwe limadziwika ndi kuchepa kwa thupi, kupotoza kwa thupi ndikuchita njira zochepetsera kwambiri monga kuyeretsa chakudya komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi.

Nazi zina zothandiza ndi njira zopezera thandizo:

• National Association of Disorders Association (NEDA)
• National Institute of Mental Health
• National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders

Ngati mukukhulupirira kuti inu kapena mnzanu kapena wachibale wanu mungakhale ndi anorexia, dziwani kuti ndizotheka kuchira ndipo thandizo lilipo.

Zolemba za Mkonzi: Chidutswa ichi chidanenedwa koyambirira kwa Epulo 1, 2018. Tsiku lomwe likufalitsidwa posachedwa likuwonetsa zosintha, zomwe zikuphatikiza kuwunika kwachipatala kwa a Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD.