Wobadwa Motere: Chiphunzitso cha Chomsky Chimalongosola Chifukwa Chake Tili Opambana Kwambiri Kupeza Chilankhulo

Zamkati

• Kutha kwa chilankhulo
• Nchiyani chinatsimikizira Chomsky kuti galamala yadziko lonse ilipo?
• Zinenero zimagawana zinthu zina zofunika
• Timaphunzira chilankhulo pafupifupi mosavuta
• Ndipo timaphunzira chimodzimodzi
• Timaphunzira ngakhale 'umphawi wolimbikitsa'
• Akatswiri azilankhulo amakonda mkangano wabwino
• Chifukwa chake, lingaliro ili limakhudza bwanji kuphunzira chilankhulo m'makalasi?
• Mfundo yofunika

Anthu ndi nthano. Monga momwe tikudziwira, palibe mtundu wina uliwonse womwe ungathe kukhala ndi chilankhulo komanso kutha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira zosatha. Kuyambira masiku athu oyambirira, timatchula komanso kufotokoza zinthu. Timauza ena zomwe zikuchitika potizungulira.

Kwa anthu omwe amalowerera kuphunzira chilankhulo ndi kuphunzira, funso limodzi lofunika kwambiri ladzetsa mpungwepungwe pazaka zambiri: Kodi kuthekera kotereku ndi kotani - gawo la chibadwa chathu - ndipo timaphunzira zochuluka motani kuchokera mapangidwe?

Kutha kwa chilankhulo

Palibe kukayika kuti ife kupeza zilankhulo zathu, zomalizira ndi mawu ndi mawonekedwe awo.

Koma kodi pali kuthekera kwakubadwa komwe kumapangitsa chilankhulo chathu - chimangidwe chomwe chimatithandiza kumvetsetsa, kusunga, ndi kukulitsa chilankhulo mosavuta?

Mu 1957, katswiri wazilankhulo Noam Chomsky adalemba buku laphokoso lotchedwa "Syntactic Structures." Linapereka lingaliro lachilendo: Anthu onse akhoza kubadwa ndi chidziwitso chabwinobwino cha momwe chilankhulo chimagwirira ntchito.

Kaya timaphunzira Chiarabu, Chingerezi, Chitchaina, kapena chilankhulo chamanja zimadziwika, inde, malinga ndi momwe moyo wathu ulili.

Koma malinga ndi Chomsky, ife angathe pezani chilankhulo chifukwa ife timasindikizidwa mwachibadwa ndi galamala ya chilengedwe chonse - kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa momwe kulumikizana kumapangidwira.

Lingaliro la Chomsky lakhala lovomerezeka konsekonse.

Nchiyani chinatsimikizira Chomsky kuti galamala yadziko lonse ilipo?

Zinenero zimagawana zinthu zina zofunika

Chomsky ndi akatswiri ena azilankhulo anena kuti zilankhulo zonse zili ndi zinthu zofananira. Mwachitsanzo, polankhula padziko lonse lapansi, chilankhulo chimagawika m'magulu ofanana amawu: maina, maverebu, ndi zomasulira, kutchula atatu.

Chikhalidwe china chogawana chilankhulo ndi. Kupatula kusiyanasiyana, zilankhulo zonse zimagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimadzibwereza zokha, zomwe zimatilolera kukulitsa malowa mosalekeza.

Mwachitsanzo, tengani kapangidwe ka wofotokozera. Pafupifupi chilankhulo chilichonse chodziwika, ndizotheka kubwereza omasulira mobwerezabwereza kuti: "Amavala bikini ya buluu yofiirira, yonyezimira.

Kunena zowona, zomasulira zambiri zitha kuwonjezeredwa kuti zifotokozere bwino za bikini, iliyonse yomwe ili mkati mwazomwe zidalipo.

Chilankhulo chomwe chimatibwerezabwereza chimatilola kukulitsa chiganizo "Ankakhulupirira kuti Ricky anali wosalakwa" pafupifupi kwamuyaya: "Lucy amakhulupirira kuti Fred ndi Ethel amadziwa kuti Ricky adanenetsa kuti alibe mlandu."

Chilankhulo chobwerezabwereza nthawi zina chimatchedwa "nesting," chifukwa pafupifupi m'zilankhulo zonse, ziganizo zitha kukulitsidwa mwa kuyikanso nyumba mkati mwa wina ndi mnzake.

Chomsky ndi ena anena kuti chifukwa pafupifupi zilankhulo zonse zimagawana izi mosasiyananso, titha kubadwa titakonzekereratu ndi galamala yapadziko lonse lapansi.

Timaphunzira chilankhulo pafupifupi mosavuta

Akatswiri azinenero monga Chomsky adatsutsa galamala yapadziko lonse lapansi chifukwa ana kulikonse amaphunzira chilankhulo m'njira zofananira munthawi yochepa osathandizidwa pang'ono.

Ana amawonetsa kuzindikira magulu azilankhulo ali aang'ono kwambiri, nthawi yayitali asanaphunzitsidwe chilichonse.

Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuti ana azaka 18 zakubadwa adazindikira "bulu" limatanthawuza chinthu ndipo "kusindikiza" kumatanthauza kuchitapo kanthu, kuwonetsa kuti akumvetsetsa mawonekedwe amawu.

Kukhala ndi nkhani "a" patsogolo pake kapena kutha ndi "-ing" kunatsimikiza ngati mawuwo anali chinthu kapena chochitika.

Ndizotheka kuti adaphunzira malingalirowa pakumvetsera anthu akamalankhula, koma iwo omwe amalimbikitsa lingaliro la galamala yapadziko lonse lapansi akuti ndizotheka kuti amamvetsetsa momwe mawu amagwirira ntchito, ngakhale samadziwa mawuwo.

Ndipo timaphunzira chimodzimodzi

Othandizira galamala yapadziko lonse lapansi akuti ana padziko lonse lapansi amalankhula chilankhulo chimodzimodzi.

Ndiye, kodi mawonekedwe otukukawa amawoneka bwanji? Akatswiri ambiri azilankhulo amavomereza kuti pali magawo atatu ofunikira:

• kuphunzira kumveka
• kuphunzira mawu
• kuphunzira ziganizo

Makamaka:

• Timazindikira ndikupanga mawu.
• Timangobwebwetuka, nthawi zambiri ndimafotokozedwe amawu-kenako-mavawelo.
• Timalankhula mawu athu oyamba achibwana.
• Timakulitsa mawu athu, kuphunzira kugawa zinthu.
• Timamanga ziganizo zamawu awiri, kenako ndikuwonjezera kuvuta kwa ziganizo zathu.

Ana osiyanasiyana amapita magawo awa pamitengo yosiyanasiyana. Koma kuti tonsefe timagawana chimodzimodzi pakukula kwakukula kumatha kuwonetsa kuti ndife olimba chilankhulo.

Timaphunzira ngakhale 'umphawi wolimbikitsa'

Chomsky ndi ena adatinso kuti timaphunzira zilankhulo zovuta, ndimalamulo ake ovuta ndi malire, popanda kulandira malangizo omveka bwino.

Mwachitsanzo, ana amangodziwitsa okha njira yolondola yopangira ziganizo zodalira osaphunzitsidwa.

Tikudziwa kunena kuti "Mnyamata amene akusambira akufuna kudya nkhomaliro" osati "Mnyamatayo akufuna kudya nkhomaliro yemwe akusambira."

Ngakhale kulibe chilimbikitso chophunzitsira, timaphunzirabe ndikugwiritsa ntchito zilankhulo zathu, kumvetsetsa malamulo omwe amawalamulira. Timatha kudziwa zambiri za momwe zilankhulo zathu zimagwirira ntchito kuposa momwe timaphunzitsidwira mopitilira muyeso.

Akatswiri azilankhulo amakonda mkangano wabwino

Noam Chomsky ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri azilankhulo omwe amadziwika kwambiri m'mbiri yakale. Komabe, pakhala pali zokambirana zambiri pazokhudza galamala yake yapadziko lonse lapansi kwazaka zopitilira theka.

Mfundo imodzi yofunikira ndikuti adalakwitsa pazinthu zachilengedwe zopezera chilankhulo. Akatswiri azilankhulo ndi aphunzitsi omwe amasiyana naye amati timapeza chilankhulo chimodzimodzi momwe timaphunzirira china chilichonse: kudzera pazomwe timakumana nazo pazomwe timachita.

Makolo athu amalankhula nafe, kaya ndi mawu kapena ndi manja. Timatengera chilankhulo pomvetsera zokambirana zomwe zikuchitika ponseponse, kuchokera pazokongoletsa zomwe timalandira chifukwa cha zolakwika zathu.

Mwachitsanzo, mwana anati, "Sindikufuna zimenezo."

Wowasamalira akuyankha kuti, "Mukutanthauza, 'Sindikufuna zimenezo.'”

Koma lingaliro la Chomsky la galamala yapadziko lonse lapansi siligwirizana ndi momwe timaphunzirira zilankhulo zathu. Amayang'ana kwambiri kubadwa komwe kumapangitsa kuti kuphunzira kwathu chilankhulo.

Chofunikira kwambiri ndikuti palibe zinthu zilizonse zomwe zilankhulo zonse zimagawidwa.

Tengani maulendo, mwachitsanzo. Pali zilankhulo zomwe sizongobwereza.

Ndipo ngati mfundo ndi magawo azilankhulo sizili konsekonse, zingatheke bwanji kuti "galamala" yoyambira idakonzedweratu muubongo wathu?

Chifukwa chake, lingaliro ili limakhudza bwanji kuphunzira chilankhulo m'makalasi?

Chimodzi mwazinthu zotuluka kwambiri zakhala lingaliro loti pali nthawi yabwino kwambiri yopezera chilankhulo pakati pa ana.

Wamng'ono, lingaliro labwino ndilabwino. Popeza ana aang'ono amapatsidwa mwayi wopeza chilankhulo, kuphunzira a chachiwiri Chilankhulo chitha kukhala chothandiza kwambiri kuyambira ali mwana.

Lingaliro la galamala lapadziko lonse lapansi lathandizanso kwambiri m'makalasi momwe ophunzira akuphunzira zilankhulo zina.

Aphunzitsi ambiri tsopano amagwiritsa ntchito njira zachilengedwe, zomizira zomwe zimatsanzira momwe timaphunzirira zilankhulo zathu zoyambirira, m'malo moloweza malamulo achilankhulo ndi mindandanda yamawu.

Aphunzitsi omwe amamvetsetsa galamala yapadziko lonse lapansi amathanso kukhala okonzekera bwino kuyang'ana momveka bwino pazosiyana pakati pa zilankhulo zoyambirira ndi zachiwiri za ophunzira.

Mfundo yofunika

Lingaliro la Noam Chomsky la galamala yapadziko lonse lapansi limanena kuti tonsefe timabadwa ndi chidziwitso chobadwa cha momwe chilankhulo chimagwirira ntchito.

Chomsky adayika lingaliro lake pamalingaliro akuti zilankhulo zonse zili ndi machitidwe ndi malamulo ofanana (galamala yapadziko lonse lapansi), komanso kuti ana kulikonse amaphunzira chilankhulo chimodzimodzi, ndipo popanda khama, zikuwoneka kuti zikuwonetsa kuti timabadwa ndi waya ndi zoyambira zilipo kale mu ubongo wathu.

Ngakhale kuti si onse omwe amavomereza mfundo ya Chomsky, ikupitilizabe kukhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu pamaganizidwe athu pakupeza zilankhulo lero.