Kumva Kuyesedwa kwa Ana

Zamkati

• Kodi kuyesa kwa ana ndi kotani?
• Kodi amagwiritsa ntchito chiyani?
• Chifukwa chiyani mwana wanga amafunika kuyesedwa kuti amve?
• Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani poyesa kumva?
• Kodi ndiyenera kuchita chilichonse kukonzekera mayeso omvera?
• Kodi pali zoopsa zilizonse pakumva mayeso?
• Kodi zotsatirazi zikutanthauza chiyani?
• Kodi pali china chilichonse chomwe ndiyenera kudziwa pamayeso akumva?
• Zolemba

Kodi kuyesa kwa ana ndi kotani?

Mayeserowa amayesa momwe mwana wanu amatha kumva. Ngakhale kutaya kwakumva kumatha kuchitika msinkhu uliwonse, mavuto akumva adakali aang'ono komanso adakali mwana akhoza kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa. Izi ndichifukwa choti kumva bwino ndikofunikira pakukula kwa chilankhulo mwa makanda ndi makanda. Ngakhale kutayika kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti mwana amve chilankhulo ndikuphunzira kuyankhula.

Kumva kwabwinobwino kumachitika mafunde amawu akamayenda khutu lanu, ndikupangitsa kuti eardrum yanu igwedezeke. Kugwedeza kumeneku kumapangitsa mafunde kupita khutu, komwe kumayambitsa ma cell amitsempha kuti atumize zidziwitso kuubongo wanu. Izi zimamasuliridwa ndikumveka komwe mumamva.

Kumva kumachitika pakakhala vuto ndi gawo limodzi kapena angapo amkhutu, mitsempha mkati mwa khutu, kapena gawo laubongo lomwe limayang'anira kumva. Pali mitundu itatu yayikulu yakumva kumva:

• Okhazikika. Kutaya kwakumva kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa chotseka kutulutsa kwa mawu khutu. Amakonda kwambiri makanda ndi ana aang'ono ndipo nthawi zambiri amayamba chifukwa cha matenda am'makutu kapena madzimadzi m'makutu. Nthawi zambiri makutu omvera amakhala ofatsa, osakhalitsa, ndipo amachiritsika.
• Zomangamanga (amatchedwanso mitima kugontha). Kutaya kwakumva kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa cha vuto la khutu ndi / kapena mitsempha yomwe imayang'anira makutu. Zitha kupezeka pakubadwa kapena kuwonetsedwa mochedwa. Kutaya kwakumva kwa sensorineural kumakhala kosatha. Makulidwe amtunduwu amachokera pakuchepa (kulephera kumva phokoso linalake) mpaka kuya (kulephera kumva phokoso lililonse).
• Zosakaniza, kuphatikiza kwakumvera kwakanthawi kochepa komanso kwakumverera.

Ngati mwana wanu akupezeka kuti ali ndi vuto lakumva, pali zomwe mungachite zomwe zingakuthandizeni kuthana ndi vutoli.

Mayina ena: audiometry; audiography, audiogram, mayeso omveka

Kodi amagwiritsa ntchito chiyani?

Mayeserowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apeze ngati mwana wanu ali ndi vuto lakumva ndipo, ngati ndi choncho, ndizovuta bwanji.

Chifukwa chiyani mwana wanga amafunika kuyesedwa kuti amve?

Mayeso amamva pafupipafupi amalimbikitsidwa kwa ana ndi ana ambiri. Ana obadwa kumene nthawi zambiri amapatsidwa mayeso omvera asanatuluke kuchipatala. Ngati mwana wanu sakupambana mayeso omverawa, sizitanthauza kuti kumva kwakanthawi. Koma mwana wanu ayenera kuyesedwa mkati mwa miyezi itatu.

Ana ambiri amayenera kuyesedwa nthawi ndi nthawi kuti adziwe ngati ali ndi thanzi labwino. Kupimako kumatha kuphatikizira kuyesa khutu komwe kumafufuza sera, madzimadzi, kapena zizindikiro za matenda. American Academy of Pediatrics imalimbikitsa mayeso omvera bwino (onani m'munsimu mitundu yamayeso) azaka 4, 5, 6, 8, ndi 10. Mayeso amayenera kuchitidwa pafupipafupi ngati mwana wanu ali ndi zizindikiro zakumva.

Zizindikiro zakumva kwa khanda zimaphatikizapo:

• Osadumpha kapena kudabwitsidwa poyankha mapokoso akulu
• Osachita ndi liwu la kholo pakadutsa miyezi itatu
• Osatembenuzira maso ake kapena mutu kumutu pofika miyezi 6 yakubadwa
• Osatengera mamvekedwe kapena kunena mawu ochepa pofika miyezi 12

Zizindikiro zakumva kwakumva kwa mwana wakhanda ndi monga:

• Kuchedwetsa kuyankhula kapena kulankhula kovuta kumvetsetsa. Ana aang'ono ambiri amatha kunena mawu ochepa, ngati "mama" kapena "dada," pofika miyezi 15.
• Osayankha akaitanidwa ndi dzina
• Osatchera khutu

Zizindikiro zakumva kwa ana okalamba komanso achinyamata ndi awa:

• Kuvuta kumvetsetsa zomwe anthu ena akunena, makamaka m'malo aphokoso
• Mavuto akumva mawu okwera kwambiri
• Mukufuna kukweza voliyumu pa TV kapena wosewera nyimbo
• Phokoso lamveka m'makutu

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani poyesa kumva?

Kuyesedwa koyambirira koyamba nthawi zambiri kumachitika mukamayang'aniridwa pafupipafupi. Ngati pali vuto lakumva, mwana wanu akhoza kuyesedwa ndikuchiritsidwa ndi m'modzi mwa omwe akupereka izi:

• Katswiri wa zomvetsera, wothandizira zaumoyo yemwe amagwira ntchito yodziwitsa, kuthandizira, ndikuwongolera kutayika kwakumva
• Otolaryngologist (ENT), dokotala wodziwa kuchiza matenda ndimakutu, mphuno, ndi pakhosi.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya mayeso akumva. Mtundu wa mayeso omwe amaperekedwa amatengera zaka ndi zizindikiritso. Kwa makanda ndi ana aang'ono, kuyesa kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito masensa (omwe amawoneka ngati zomata zazing'ono) kapena ma probes kuti ayese kumva. Safuna kuyankhidwa ndi mawu. Ana okulirapo atha kuyesedwa bwino. Kuyesa kwamphamvu kumayang'ana mayankho amvekedwe kapena mawu operekedwa m'malo osiyanasiyana, mavoliyumu, ndi / kapena mapokoso amisokosi.

Kuyesa kwamalingaliro amalingaliro (ABR).Izi zimayang'ana kuchepa kwamakutu akumverera. Imayeza momwe ubongo umamvera mawu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa makanda, kuphatikiza ana obadwa kumene. Pakati pa mayesowa:

• Katswiri womvera kapena wothandizira wina adzaika maelekitirodi pamutu ndi kuseri kwa khutu lililonse. Ma electrode amalumikizidwa ndi kompyuta.
• Zomvera m'makutu zing'onozing'ono zidzaikidwa mkati mwamakutu.
• Kudina ndi matani zimatumizidwa kumutu.
• Maelekitirodi amayesa momwe ubongo umayankhira ndikumveka ndipo ziwonetsa zotsatira zake pakompyuta.

Mayeso a Otoacoustic emissions (OAE). Mayesowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa makanda ndi ana aang'ono. Pakati pa mayeso:

• Katswiri wa zomvetsera kapena wothandizira wina adzaika kafukufuku wocheperako yemwe amawoneka ngati foni yamakutu mkati mwa ngalande yamakutu.
• Phokoso lidzatumizidwa kukafukufuku.
• Kafukufukuyo amalemba ndikuyeza khutu lamkati lamakutu kumamvekedwe.
• Kuyesaku kumatha kupeza vuto lakumva, koma sikungathe kusiyanitsa pakati pakumvera kwakanthawi kochepa komanso kwakumverera.

Zamgululi amayesa momwe khutu lanu lamakutu limayendera. Pakati pa mayeso:

• Katswiri wa zomvetsera kapena wothandizira wina adzaika kachipangizo kakang'ono mkati mwa ngalande ya khutu.
• Chipangizocho chimakankhira mpweya m'makutu, ndikupangitsa kuti eardrum isunthike mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo.
• Makina amalemba mayendedwe pama graph omwe amatchedwa tympanograms.
• Kuyesaku kumathandizira kudziwa ngati pali matenda am'makutu kapena mavuto ena monga madzimadzi kapena sera, kapena bowo kapena misozi m'makutu.
• Kuyesaku kumafuna kuti mwana wanu azikhala chete, chifukwa chake samakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa makanda kapena ana aang'ono.

Izi ndi mitundu ina ya mayeso omveka:

Njira za Acoustic Reflex amatchedwanso pakati khutu minofu reflex (MEMR), yesani momwe khutu limamvera kulira kokweza. Mukumva bwino, kathupi kakang'ono mkati khutu kamagunda mukamva phokoso lalikulu. Izi zimatchedwa acoustic reflex. Zimachitika osadziwa. Pakati pa mayeso:

• Katswiri wa zomvetsera kapena wothandizira wina adzaika nsonga yofewa ya mphira mkati khutu.
• Nyimbo zingapo zimatumizidwa kudzera pamaupangiri ndikujambulidwa pamakina.
• Makinawo amawonetsa nthawi kapena ngati phokoso lidayambitsa chidwi.
• Ngati kutayika kwakumva kulibe, mawuwo amayenera kukhala okwera kwambiri kuti ayambitse kuganiza, kapena sangayambitse kusinkhasinkha konse.

Kuyesa kwamalankhulidwe oyera, wotchedwanso audiometry. Pakati pa mayesowa:

• Mwana wanu adzavala mahedifoni.
• Nyimbo zingapo zimatumizidwa kumahedifoni.
• Katswiri wa zomvetsera kapena wothandizirayo amasintha mamvekedwe ndikumveka kwamalankhulidwe m'malo osiyanasiyana poyesa. Nthawi zina, malankhulidwewo sangakhale omveka.
• Woperekayo adzafunsa mwana wanu kuti ayankhe nthawi iliyonse akamva malankhulidwe. Kuyankha kungakhale kukweza dzanja kapena kusindikiza batani.
• Kuyesaku kumathandizira kupeza mawu omveka bwino omwe mwana wanu amatha kumva m'malo osiyanasiyana.

Kuyesa mayesero a foloko. Foloko yokonzekera ndi chida chachitsulo chazitsulo ziwiri chomwe chimapanga kamvekedwe kakunjenjemera. Pakati pa mayeso:

• Katswiri wa zomvetsera kapena wothandizira wina adzaika foloko yokonzekera kumbuyo kwa khutu kapena pamwamba pamutu.
• Woperekayo adzagunda foloko kuti apange kamvekedwe.
• Mwana wanu adzafunsidwa kuti auze wothandizirayo nthawi iliyonse mukamva mawu osiyanasiyana, kapena ngati amva khutu lakumanzere, khutu lakumanja, kapena zonse ziwiri.
• Chiyesocho chitha kuwonetsa ngati pali kumva kwakumva m'modzi kapena makutu onse. Ikhozanso kuwonetsa mtundu wanji wakumva kwakumva komwe mwana wanu ali nawo (conductive kapena sensorineural).

Kulankhula ndi kuzindikira mawu atha kuwonetsa momwe mwana wanu amamvera chilankhulo. Pakati pa mayeso:

• Mwana wanu adzavala mahedifoni.
• Katswiri wamalankhulayo amalankhula kudzera pamahedifoni, ndikupempha mwana wanu kuti abwereze mawu osavuta, olankhulidwa mosiyanasiyana.
• Woperekayo adzalemba mawu ofewa kwambiri omwe mwana wanu amatha kumva.
• Kuyesaku kumatha kuchitika m'malo aphokoso, chifukwa anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi vuto lakumva amavutika kumvetsetsa zolankhula m'malo okweza.
• Mayesowa amachitika kwa ana okulira mokwanira kuti azitha kulankhula komanso kumvetsetsa chilankhulo.

Kodi ndiyenera kuchita chilichonse kukonzekera mayeso omvera?

Mwana wanu safuna kukonzekera kwapadera kuti ayesedwe.

Kodi pali zoopsa zilizonse pakumva mayeso?

Palibe chiopsezo chilichonse kukayezetsa kumva.

Kodi zotsatirazi zikutanthauza chiyani?

Zotsatira zanu zitha kuwonetsa ngati mwana wanu ali ndi vuto lakumva, komanso ngati kutayika kwakumva kumakhala koyenda kapena koyenera.

Ngati mwana wanu akupezeka kuti ali ndi vuto lakumva, woperekayo angakulimbikitseni mankhwala kapena opaleshoni, kutengera chifukwa cha kutayika.

Ngati mwana wanu amapezeka kuti ali ndi vuto lakumva kwakumva, zotsatira zanu zitha kuwonetsa kuti kutayika kwakumva ndi:

• Wofatsa: mwana wanu sangamve mawu ena, monga malankhulidwe omwe ali okwera kwambiri kapena otsika kwambiri.
• Wamkati: mwana wanu samva mawu ambiri, monga kulankhula pamalo opanda phokoso.
• Kwambiri: mwana wanu samva mawu ambiri.
• Zozama: mwana wanu samva phokoso lililonse.

Chithandizo ndi kasamalidwe ka zotha kumva zakumva zimadalira msinkhu komanso kukula kwake. Ngati muli ndi mafunso okhudza zotsatira, lankhulani ndi omwe amakuthandizani pa zaumoyo wa mwana wanu.

Kodi pali china chilichonse chomwe ndiyenera kudziwa pamayeso akumva?

Pali njira zambiri zothetsera kutayika kwakumva. Ngakhale kutayika kwakumva sikukhalitsa, pali njira zothanirana ndi vuto lanu. Njira zochiritsira ndi izi:

• Zothandizira kumva. Chothandizira kumva ndi chida chomwe chimavala kumbuyo kapena mkati mwa khutu. Chothandizira kumva chimakweza (kumveketsa kwambiri) phokoso. Zothandizira kumva zina zimakhala ndi ntchito zapamwamba kwambiri. Katswiri wanu womvera akhoza kukulangizani njira yabwino kwambiri kwa inu.
• Zomera za Cochlear. Ichi ndi kachipangizo kamene kamayikidwa opaleshoni khutu. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lakumva kwambiri komanso omwe samapindula kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zothandizira kumva. Zomera za Cochlear zimatumiza mawu molunjika ku mitsempha yakumva.
• Opaleshoni. Mitundu ina yakumva imatha kuchiritsidwa ndi opaleshoni. Izi zimaphatikizapo mavuto a khutu la khutu kapena m'mafupa ang'onoang'ono mkati khutu.

Kuphatikiza apo, mungafune:

• Gwirani ntchito ndi othandizira azaumoyo omwe angakuthandizeni inu ndi mwana wanu kulumikizana. Izi zingaphatikizepo othandizira kulankhula ndi / kapena akatswiri omwe amaphunzitsa chilankhulo chamanja, kuwerenga milomo, kapena mitundu ina yazilankhulo.
• Lowani nawo magulu othandizira
• Sungani maulendo pafupipafupi ndi audiologist ndi / kapena otolaryngologist (khutu, mphuno, ndi mmero pakhosi)

Zolemba

1. American Association of Language-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Mgwirizano Wakumva Kulankhula-Zinenero-ku America; c1997–2019. Kuyankha Kwamaubongo Amabuku (ABR); [adatchula 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 4]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/Auditory-Brainstem-Response
2. American Association of Language-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Mgwirizano Wakumva Kulankhula-Zinenero-ku America; c1997–2019. Kuwunika Kumva; [adatchula 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 3]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/Hearing-Screening
3. American Association of Language-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Mgwirizano Wakumva Kulankhula-Zinenero-ku America; c1997–2019. Kutulutsa kwa Otoacoustic (OAE); [adatchula 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 4]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/Otoacoustic-Emissions
4. American Association of Language-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Mgwirizano Wakumva Kulankhula-Zinenero-ku America; c1997–2019. Kuyesedwa Kwoyera; [adatchula 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 4]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/Pure-Tone-Testing
5. American Association of Language-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Mgwirizano Wakumva Kulankhula-Zinenero-ku America; c1997–2019. Kuyesa Kuyankhula; [adatchula 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 4]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/Speech-Testing
6. American Association of Language-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Mgwirizano Wakumva Kulankhula-Zinenero-ku America; c1997–2019. Kuyesedwa kwa Middle Ear; [adatchula 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 4]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/Tests-of-the-Middle-Ear
7. Othandizira a Cary Audiology [Internet]. Cary (NC): Zomangamanga; c2019. Mafunso atatu okhudza Mayeso akumva; [adatchula 2019 Marr 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 4]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://caryaudiology.com/blog/3-faqs-about-hearing-tests
8. Malo Othandizira Kuteteza ndi Kupewa Matenda [Internet]. Atlanta: Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Zaumunthu ku U.S. Kuwunika ndi Kuzindikira Kumva Kutayika; [adatchula 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 5]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hearingloss/screening.html
9. HealthyChildren.org [Intaneti]. Itasca (IL): American Academy of Pediatrics; c2019. Kumva Kutayika; [zosinthidwa 2009 Aug 1; yatchulidwa 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 4]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/ear-nose-throat/Pages/Hearing-Loss.aspx
10. Mayfield Brain ndi Spine [Internet]. Cincinnati: Mayfield Ubongo ndi Msana; c2008–2019. Mayeso a (audiometry); [yasinthidwa 2018 Apr; yatchulidwa 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 3]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-hearing.htm
11. Chipatala cha Mayo [Intaneti]. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; c1998–2019. Kumva Kutaya: Kuzindikira ndi chithandizo; 2019 Mar 16 [yatchulidwa 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 4]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hearing-loss/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373077
12. Chipatala cha Mayo [Intaneti]. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; c1998–2019. Kumva Kutayika: Zizindikiro ndi zoyambitsa; 2019 Mar 16 [yatchulidwa 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 3]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hearing-loss/symptoms-causes/syc-20373072
13. Merck Manual Consumer Version [Intaneti]. Kenilworth (NJ): Merck & Co. Inc. .; c2019. Kumva Kutayika; [adatchula 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 2]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/hearing-loss-and-deafness/hearing-loss?query=hearing%20loss
14. Nemours Ana Health System [Intaneti]. Jacksonville (FL): Nemours Foundation; c1995–2019. Kumva Kuunika Kwa Ana; [adatchula 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 3]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/hear.html
15. Nemours Ana Health System [Intaneti]. Jacksonville (FL): Nemours Foundation; c1995–2019. Kumva Kuwonongeka; [adatchula 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 3]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/hearing-impairment.html
16. UF Health: University of Florida Health [Intaneti]. Gainesville (FL): Yunivesite ya Florida Health; c2019. Ma audiometry: Mwachidule; [yasinthidwa 2019 Mar 30; yatchulidwa 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 2]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://ufhealth.org/audiometry
17. UF Health: University of Florida Health [Intaneti]. Gainesville (FL): Yunivesite ya Florida Health; c2019. Tympanometry: Mwachidule; [yasinthidwa 2019 Mar 30; yatchulidwa 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 2]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://ufhealth.org/tympanometry
18. University of Rochester Medical Center [Intaneti]. Rochester (NY): Yunivesite ya Rochester Medical Center; c2019. Health Encyclopedia: Momwe Mungasamalire Kutayika Kwa Kumva Kwa Ana; [adatchula 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 2]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02049
19. University of Rochester Medical Center [Intaneti]. Rochester (NY): Yunivesite ya Rochester Medical Center; c2019. Health Encyclopedia: Mitundu Yoyesera Mayesero a Makanda ndi Ana; [adatchula 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 2]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=90&contentid=p02038
20. UW Health [Intaneti]. Madison (WI): Zipatala za University of Wisconsin ndi Clinics Authority; c2019. Chidziwitso cha Zaumoyo: Kuyesedwa kwa Kumva: Momwe Zimachitikira; [yasinthidwa 2018 Mar 28; yatchulidwa 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 5]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://www.uwhealth.org/health/topic/medicaltest/hearing-tests/tv8475.html#tv8479
21. UW Health [Intaneti]. Madison (WI): Zipatala za University of Wisconsin ndi Clinics Authority; c2019. Zambiri Zaumoyo: Kuyesedwa kwa Kumva: Zotsatira; [yasinthidwa 2018 Mar 28; yatchulidwa 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 8]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://www.uwhealth.org/health/topic/medicaltest/hearing-tests/tv8475.html#tv8482
22. UW Health [Intaneti]. Madison (WI): Zipatala za University of Wisconsin ndi Clinics Authority; c2019. Chidziwitso cha Zaumoyo: Mayeso akumva: Zowopsa; [yasinthidwa 2018 Mar 28; yatchulidwa 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 7]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://www.uwhealth.org/health/topic/medicaltest/hearing-tests/tv8475.html#tv8481
23. UW Health [Intaneti]. Madison (WI): Zipatala za University of Wisconsin ndi Clinics Authority; c2019. Chidziwitso cha Zaumoyo: Kuyesedwa kwa Kumva: Kuwunika Mwachidule; [yasinthidwa 2018 Mar 28; yatchulidwa 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 2]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://www.uwhealth.org/health/topic/medicaltest/hearing-tests/tv8475.html
24. UW Health [Intaneti]. Madison (WI): Zipatala za University of Wisconsin ndi Clinics Authority; c2019. Chidziwitso cha Zaumoyo: Mayeso akumva: Chifukwa Chake Amachitidwa; [yasinthidwa 2018 Mar 28; yatchulidwa 2019 Mar 30]; [pafupifupi zowonetsera 3]. Ipezeka kuchokera: https://www.uwhealth.org/health/topic/medicaltest/hearing-tests/tv8475.html#tv8477

Zomwe zili patsamba lino siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa chithandizo chamankhwala kapena upangiri. Lumikizanani ndi othandizira azaumoyo ngati muli ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi thanzi lanu.