Kodi Chinyama Chachinyengo Ndi Chiyani?

Zamkati

• Kodi Nkhanu Zotsanzira N'chiyani?
• Chakudya Chosafunikira Ndi Nkhanu Yeniyeni
• Chopangidwa ndi Zosakaniza Zambiri
• Muli Zojambula, Zosungitsa ndi Zina Zowonjezera
• Zowoneka Zapamwamba
• Zowonongeka
• Mphamvu Zachilengedwe
• Kupanga malamulo, Chitetezo cha Chakudya ndi Matenda a Zakudya
• Zosavuta Kugwiritsa Ntchito
• Mitundu yama-flake kapena zidutswa:
• Ndodo:
• Zowonongeka:
• Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri

Mwayi wake, mwadya nkhanu yonyenga - ngakhale simunazindikire.

Kuyimitsa nkhanu kwakhala kotchuka pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi ndipo imapezeka kwambiri mu saladi ya nsomba, mikate ya nkhanu, masikono a California sushi ndi nkhanu.

Mwachidule, nkhanu yonyenga imasinthidwa nyama ya nsomba - kwenikweni, nthawi zina amatchedwa "galu wotentha wanyanja." Komabe, mwina mungadabwe kuti amapangidwa kuchokera kuti komanso ngati ndi wathanzi.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zonse zomwe muyenera kudziwa za chinyengo cha nkhanu.

Kodi Nkhanu Zotsanzira N'chiyani?

Nkhanu yonyenga imapangidwa kuchokera ku surimi - nyama ya nsomba yomwe idachotsedwa, kutsukidwa kuti ichotse mafuta ndi zidutswa zosafunikira, kenako nkuzisakaniza. Phala ili limasakanikirana ndi zosakaniza zina lisanatenthedwe ndikusindikizidwa mu mawonekedwe omwe amatsanzira nyama ya nkhanu (1, 2, 3,).

Ngakhale nkhanu yonyenga imapangidwa kuchokera ku nsomba, nthawi zambiri imakhala yopanda nkhanu - kupatula kachilombo kakang'ono ka nkhanu komwe nthawi zina kumawonjezera kununkhira.

Pollock, yomwe imakhala ndi utoto wofatsa komanso fungo, imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga surimi. Nsombazi zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito popangira timitengo ta nsomba ndi zina zopangidwa ndi mkate (1).

Phukusi lazinthu zonga nkhanu zitha kutchedwa "nkhanu yonyenga," "nsomba zam'madzi zokhala ndi nkhanu" kapena "nsomba za surimi" koma ziyenera kutsatira malamulo olembedwa ndi boma. Ku Japan, zakudya zam'madzi zopangidwa ndi surimi nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa kamaboko (5).

Pa menyu odyera, nkhanu yonyenga itha kulembedwa kuti "krab" posonyeza kuti ndi yabodza.

Nkhanu yonyenga imapangidwa kuchokera ku surimi, yomwe imasungunuka mnofu wa nsomba - nthawi zambiri pollock - yomwe idachotsedwapo ndi kutsukidwa, kenako ndikuphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zina, kutenthedwa ndikupanga mabala onga nkhanu.

Chakudya Chosafunikira Ndi Nkhanu Yeniyeni

Nkhanu yeniyeni imakhala yokwera kwambiri mu michere yambiri poyerekeza ndi nkhanu yonyenga.

Umu ndi momwe ma ola atatu (85 magalamu) amatsenga ndi nkhanu ya mfumu ya Alaska amafanizira (6, 7):

Ngakhale onse ali ndi ma calorie ofanana, 61% ya nkhanu zonamizira zimachokera ku carbs, pomwe 85% ya nkhanu zam'madzi ku Alaska zimachokera ku protein - yopanda ma carbs (6, 7).

Ngati mukuyesera kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni ndikuchepetsa carb yanu - mwachitsanzo, ngati muli ndi chakudya chochepa kwambiri kapena ketogenic - nkhanu yeniyeni imakwaniritsa zolinga zanu.

Poyerekeza ndi nkhanu yonyenga, nkhanu yeniyeni imakhalanso ndi mavitamini ndi michere yambiri - kuphatikiza vitamini B12, zinc ndi selenium. Izi ndichifukwa choti zakudya zina zimatsukidwa panthawi yopanga surimi (5,).

Kumbali inayi, nkhanu yeniyeni imakonda kukhala yochuluka kuposa sodium kuposa nkhanu yonyenga, ngakhale zonsezi zimathandizira kwambiri kumapeto kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa 2,300 mg. Mchere umawonjezeredwa ku nkhanu zenizeni komanso zotsanzira, ngakhale kuchuluka kwake kumasiyanasiyana ndi mtundu ().

Pomaliza, nkhanu yeniyeni imakhala yambiri mu omega-3 fatty acids kuposa nkhanu yonyenga. Ngakhale mafuta omega-3 olemera amatha kuwonjezeredwa ku nkhanu yonyenga, izi sizofala (,).

Ngakhale kuwerengera kofanana kwa kalori, nkhanu yonyenga imakwera kwambiri mu carbs komanso m'mapuloteni ochepa, mafuta a omega-3 ndi mavitamini angapo ndi mchere kuposa nkhanu yeniyeni.

Chopangidwa ndi Zosakaniza Zambiri

Chofunika kwambiri pakutsanzira nkhanu ndi surimi, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi 35-50% ya mankhwalawa polemera ().

Zina mwa zinthu zazikuluzikulu mu nkhanu yonyenga ndi (2, 5,, 14):

• Madzi: Kawirikawiri chinthu chachiwiri chambiri chambiri chotsanzira nkhanu, madzi amafunika kuti apangidwe bwino ndikuwongolera mtengo wazogulitsa.
• Wowuma: Mbatata, tirigu, chimanga kapena tapioca wowuma nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa surimi ndikupangitsa kuti izitha kuzimiririka. Komabe, ngati wowuma wowonjezera wagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muchepetse ndalama, malonda ake amatha kukhala omata komanso ofewa.
• Mapuloteni: Mapuloteni oyera azira amapezeka kwambiri, koma mapuloteni ena, monga soya, atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi zimathandizira mapuloteni okhala ndi nkhanu ndikutsitsimutsa mawonekedwe ake, utoto wake ndi mawonekedwe ake.
• Shuga ndi sorbitol: Izi zimathandizira kuti malonda azizizira mpaka kuzizira. Amathandizanso kutsekemera pang'ono.
• Masamba mafuta: Mpendadzuwa, soya kapena mafuta ena azamasamba nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokongoletsa kapangidwe, utoto woyera komanso mashelufu.
• Mchere (sodium chloride): Kuphatikiza pa kuwonjezera kununkhira, mchere umathandizanso nsombazo kukhala gel yolimba. Potaziyamu chloride, yomwe imagwira ntchito zomwezo, itha kulowa m'malo mwa mchere wina.

Pambuyo pophatikiza zosakaniza ndi zotetezera ndi zowonjezera zina, chisakanizo cha nkhanu chimaphikidwa ndikutsindikizidwa mu mawonekedwe omwe amafunidwa, komanso kupukutira zingwe zomata ndikuthira mafuta kuti aphe mabakiteriya omwe atha kukhala owopsa (5).

Chofunika kwambiri pakutsanzira nkhanu ndi surimi, yomwe imasakanizidwa ndi madzi, wowuma, shuga, azungu azungu, mafuta azamasamba, mchere ndi zowonjezera.

Muli Zojambula, Zosungitsa ndi Zina Zowonjezera

Zowonjezera zingapo - kuphatikiza zina zomwe mungakonde kuzipewa - nthawi zambiri zimawonjezeredwa ku nkhanu yonyenga kuti mukwaniritse utoto, kukoma ndi bata.

Zowonjezera zomwe zimakonda kutsanzira nkhanu ndi (1, 5,):

• Nkhama: Izi zimathandiza kuti zosakaniza ziziphatikizana komanso zimakhazikika pamalonda. Zitsanzo ndi carrageenan ndi xanthan chingamu.
• Makina ofiira ofiira: Carmine - yomwe imachokera ku nsikidzi zing'onozing'ono zotchedwa cochineals - imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kupaka utoto wonyezimira wa nkhanu. Paprika, kuchotsa madzi a beet ndi lycopene kuchokera ku tomato atha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito.
• Zosangalatsa: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) ndi chida chofananacho, disodium inosinate, imatha kukhala othandizira kutsekemera.
• Zonunkhira zina: Izi zitha kuphatikizira nkhanu yeniyeni, zokometsera nkhanu ndi mirin (vinyo wowotcha wa mpunga).
• Kutetezera: Sodium benzoate ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera za phosphate zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi kukonza mashelufu.

Ngakhale amadziwika kuti ndi otetezeka ndi FDA, zina mwazowonjezera izi zimakhudzana ndi zovuta zathanzi ndipo zimafunikira kuphunzira kwina (15).

Mwachitsanzo, MSG imatha kupweteketsa anthu ena, pomwe carrageenan imalumikizidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa m'mimba ndi kutupa m'maphunziro azinyama ndi ma test-tube (,,).

Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti zowonjezera za phosphate zimatha kubweretsa kuwonongeka kwa impso komanso chiwopsezo cha matenda amtima - mwina chifukwa chakuti phosphate yambiri yomwe imachokera kuzowonjezera imatha kuwononga mitsempha yamagazi. Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a impso ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu (,).

Kuphatikiza apo, anthu ena atha kuzidandaula kuti carmine yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupaka utoto wa nkhanu imachokera ku tizilombo.

Zowonjezera zingapo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsanzira nkhanu kuti zikwaniritse utoto wofunidwa, kununkhira komanso kukhazikika. Zina mwazomwezi zimalumikizidwa ndi zovuta zomwe zingakhalepo ndi thanzi lawo.

Zowoneka Zapamwamba

Pali zifukwa zingapo nkhanu yonyenga ndiyodziwika. Imodzi ndi mtengo wake wotsika mtengo, womwe ndi pafupifupi 1/3 wa mtengo wa nkhanu yeniyeni (1).

Kutsanzira nkhanu ndiyofunikanso, chifukwa imatha kuwonjezeredwa muzakudya popanda kukonzekera kwina. Kuphatikiza apo, timitengo tina ta nkhanu timene timapakidwa pamagulu akumwa ndi msuzi.

Ngati muli ndi nkhawa ndi zowonjezera zonse pakutsanzira nkhanu, pali mitundu yabwinobwino - monganso agalu otentha athanzi.

Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ina imaphatikizapo zinthu zina zachilengedwe, monga wowuma mtola, nzimbe, mchere wamchere, ulusi wa oat ndi zonunkhira zachilengedwe.

Kuphatikiza apo, zina mwazinthu zimakhala zopanda gilateni ndipo zimapangidwa popanda zosakaniza za majini (GMO). Kuphatikiza apo, nkhanu zina zonyozeka zitha kutsimikiziridwa kuti zikuwonetsa kuti nsomba zimasungidwa bwino.

Komabe, zinthu zachilengedwezi zimawononga pafupifupi 30% zowonjezera ndipo sizipezeka kwambiri.

Nkhanu yonyenga ndi yotsika mtengo komanso yosavuta. Mitundu ingapo imakhala ndizowonjezera zachilengedwe, koma mumalipira zowonjezera.

Zowonongeka

Kupatula kuti nkhanu yonyenga imapangidwa ndi nkhanu yeniyeni, yodzaza ndi zowonjezera komanso yopanda thanzi, imakhalanso ndi zovuta zachilengedwe, kusokoneza mbiri komanso zovuta zina.

Mphamvu Zachilengedwe

Mitundu ina yopanga surimi idadyetsedwa kwambiri - nyama zowononga monga mikango yam'madzi ya Steller yomwe imadya pollock - kapena imagwidwa m'njira zomwe zimawononga malo amoyo wanyanja zina.

Izi zati, opanga ma surimi akugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina ya nsomba zoyera, monga cod, Pacific whiting ndi squid (1,).

Ndikothekanso kugwiritsa ntchito nyama yopanda nsomba, monga nkhuku yopangidwa ndi kaboni, ng'ombe kapena nkhumba kupanga surimi - ngakhale izi sizachilendo (1, 14,).

Vuto linanso lachilengedwe ndiloti nyama yosungunuka ya nsomba yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga surimi imatsukidwa kangapo kuti utoto, kapangidwe ndi kununkhira. Izi zimagwiritsa ntchito madzi ambiri ndikupanga madzi onyansa, omwe amayenera kuthandizidwa kuti asawononge nyanja ndi kuvulaza nsomba (1).

Kupanga malamulo, Chitetezo cha Chakudya ndi Matenda a Zakudya

Zina mwa nkhanu zonyenga sizilemba mndandanda wazakudya zam'madzi molondola, zomwe zimawonjezera chitetezo cha zakudya komanso ziwengo zowopsa.

Ndizosatheka kudziwa zosakaniza zenizeni popanda kuyesa kwapadera.

Pomwe zida za 16 zopangidwa ndi surimi zomwe zidagulidwa ku Spain ndi Italy zidayesedwa, 25% adalemba mitundu ya nsomba zosiyana ndi zomwe zimadziwika ndi kusanthula kwa DNA.

Zambiri zomwe zidasinthidwa zidatumizidwa kuchokera kumayiko aku Asia. Zolemba zina zinalephera kuzindikira kuti surimi idapangidwa ndi nsomba - chakudya chapamwamba kwambiri. Kulemba zakudya pakapita nthawi kumafunika m'maiko a EU ndi ku US, kuphatikizapo zakudya zotumizidwa kunja (,).

Zolemba zolondola komanso zosakwanira zimawonjezera chiopsezo chanu chobwera chifukwa cha chinthu chomwe sichinafotokozedwe bwino.

Kupanga malamulo kumabisanso nsomba zomwe zitha kukhala zowopsa. M'malo mwake, zinthu ziwiri zomwe zidalembedwa molakwika ku Asia za surimi zinali ndi nsomba zamtundu wina zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi poyizoni wa ciguatera, matenda omwe amapezeka kawirikawiri m'matope a nsomba (,).

Ngati muli ndi vuto lodana ndi chakudya, ndibwino kuti mupewe nkhanu yonyenga - monga ma appetizers paphwando - chifukwa imatha kukhala ndi ziwengo monga nsomba, nkhanu, mazira ndi tirigu ().

Pollock yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa surimi nthawi zina imakololedwa m'njira zomwe zitha kuvulaza moyo wina wam'nyanja, ndipo kupanga nkhanu kutsanzira kumagwiritsa ntchito madzi ochulukirapo. Zakudya zam'madzi zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito ngati nkhanu nthawi zina zimasochedwa, zomwe zimawonjezera chitetezo cha chakudya komanso ziwopsezo zina.

Zosavuta Kugwiritsa Ntchito

Mutha kupeza nkhanu yonyenga m'malo ogulitsira kapena ozizira. Amagulitsa mitundu ingapo, kuphatikiza mitundu yaziphuphu, ndodo, ndodo.

Popeza nkhanu yabodza imaphikidwa kale, mutha kuyigwiritsa ntchito molunjika kuchokera phukusi lazakudya zozizira, monga ma dipi ndi saladi, kapena onjezerani pazakudya zomwe mumatentha.

Nazi njira zingapo zogwiritsa ntchito nkhanu yonyenga, yogawidwa ndi mtundu:

Mitundu yama-flake kapena zidutswa:

• Zosakaniza
• Kufalikira
• Saladi ya nkhanu yozizira
• Mikate ya nkhanu
• Otsogolera
• Muziganiza mofulumira
• Zakudya za pasitala
• Casseroles, PA
• Zovuta
• Kuchepetsa
• Quesadillas
• Kudya pizza

Ndodo:

• Zowonjezera ndi msuzi wodyera
• Masuzi a sushi aku California
• Sandwich kukulunga

Zowonongeka:

• Msuzi wobiriwira wobiriwira wobiriwira
• Mikate ya nkhanu
• Letesi imakulunga
• Enchilada nyama
• Ma tacos a nsomba

Maphikidwe azakudya zotsanzira nkhanu nthawi zambiri amapezeka pamawebusayiti opanga.

Potsanzira nkhanu ndizosavuta. Komabe, chifukwa cha zakudya zake komanso thanzi, ndibwino kuti muzigwiritsa ntchito nthawi yapadera m'malo maphikidwe wamba.

Chifukwa idaphika ndipo imapezeka m'madulidwe osiyanasiyana, nkhanu yonyenga ndiyosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito pama appetizers, saladi ndi mbale zazikulu.

Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri

Kutsanzira nkhanu ndi chakudya chosinthidwa bwino chopangidwa ndikuphatikiza nsomba zosungunuka ndi wowuma, mazira azungu, shuga, mchere ndi zowonjezera kuti zitsanzire kununkhira, mtundu ndi kapangidwe ka nyama yeniyeni ya nkhanu.

Ngakhale ndiotsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa nkhanu yeniyeni, imakhalanso yopanda thanzi komanso yolumikizidwa ndi zowonjezera zokayikitsa.

Ngati mukupanga chakudya paphwando lapadera ndipo mulibe bajeti ya nkhanu yeniyeni, nkhanu yonyenga ndi njira yabwino yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.

Komabe, pakudya tsiku ndi tsiku, sankhani mapuloteni otsika mtengo, osakonzedwa pang'ono komanso opatsa thanzi, monga cod, nkhuku ndi ng'ombe yopanda mafuta.