Katemera wa COVID-19: momwe imagwirira ntchito ndi zoyipa zake

Zamkati

• Momwe Katemera wa COVID-19 Amagwirira Ntchito
• Kodi mphamvu ya katemera amawerengedwa bwanji?
• Kodi katemerayu ndiwothandiza kuthana ndi mitundu yatsopano ya kachilomboka?
• Katemera woyamba akafika
• Ndondomeko ya katemera ku Brazil
• Ndondomeko ya katemera ku Portugal
• Momwe mungadziwire ngati muli m'gulu lowopsa
• Ndani adakhala ndi COVID-19 yemwe angalandire katemera?
• Zotsatira zoyipa
• Ndani sayenera kulandira katemerayu
• Yesani zomwe mukudziwa
• Katemera wa COVID-19: yesani kudziwa kwanu!

Katemera wambiri wotsutsana ndi COVID-19 akuwerengedwa ndikupangidwa padziko lonse lapansi kuti ayesetse kuthana ndi mliri woyambitsidwa ndi coronavirus yatsopano. Pakadali pano, katemera wa Pfizer yekha ndi amene wavomerezedwa ndi WHO, koma ena ambiri akuyesedwa.

Katemera 6 omwe awonetsa zotsatira zabwino kwambiri ndi awa:

• Pfizer ndi BioNTech (BNT162): katemera waku North America ndi Germany anali 90% ogwira ntchito mgawo lachitatu;
• Zamakono (mRNA-1273): Katemera waku North America anali 94.5% wogwira bwino gawo lachitatu;
• Gamaleya Research Institute (Sputnik V): Katemera waku Russia anali 91.6% yothandiza motsutsana ndi COVID-19;
• AstraZeneca ndi Oxford University (AZD1222): Katemera wachingerezi ali mgawo lachitatu ndipo gawo loyamba adawonetsa 70.4% yothandiza;
• Chililabombwe (Coronavac): Katemera waku China wopangidwa mogwirizana ndi Butantan Institute adawonetsa kuchuluka kwa 78% pamilandu yocheperako ndi 100% ya matenda opatsirana komanso owopsa;
• Johnson & Johnson (JNJ-78436735): malinga ndi zotsatira zoyambirira, katemera waku North America akuwoneka kuti ali ndi mphamvu zoyambira 66 mpaka 85%, ndipo milanduyi imasiyanasiyana kutengera dziko lomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kuphatikiza pa izi, katemera wina monga NVX-CoV2373, wochokera ku Novavax, Ad5-nCoV, wochokera ku CanSino kapena Covaxin, wochokera ku Bharat Biotech, alinso mgawo lachitatu la kafukufuku, komabe alibe zotsatira.

Dr. Esper Kallas, matenda opatsirana komanso Pulofesa Wonse wa department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases ku FMUSP amafotokozera kukayikira kwakukulu pankhani ya katemera:

Momwe Katemera wa COVID-19 Amagwirira Ntchito

Katemera wotsutsana ndi COVID-19 apangidwa kutengera mitundu itatu yaukadaulo:

• Ukadaulo wamtundu wa messenger RNA: ndiukadaulo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga katemera wa nyama ndipo womwe umapangitsa kuti maselo athanzi mthupi atulutse puloteni womwewo womwe coronavirus imagwiritsa ntchito kulowa m'maselo. Potero, chitetezo cha mthupi chimakakamizika kutulutsa ma antibodies omwe, panthawi yomwe ali ndi kachilombo, amatha kusokoneza protein ya coronavirus yowona ndikuletsa kuti matendawa asakule. Izi ndi ukadaulo womwe ukugwiritsidwa ntchito mu katemera wochokera ku Pfizer ndi Moderna;
• Kugwiritsa ntchito adenoviruses osinthidwa: ili ndi kugwiritsa ntchito adenoviruses, omwe alibe vuto lililonse mthupi la munthu, ndikuwasintha kuti akhale ndi machitidwe ofanana ndi ma coronavirus, koma opanda chiopsezo ku thanzi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chiteteze ndikupanga ma antibodies omwe amatha kuthana ndi kachilomboka ngati mutatenga matenda. Umu ndi ukadaulo wa katemera wochokera ku Astrazeneca, Sputnik V ndi katemera wochokera ku Johnson & Johnson;
• Kugwiritsa ntchito ma coronavirus osagwira: mawonekedwe osayambitsidwa a coronavirus yatsopano amagwiritsidwa ntchito omwe sayambitsa matenda kapena mavuto azaumoyo, koma omwe amalola thupi kupanga ma antibodies ofunikira kulimbana ndi kachilomboka.

Njira zonsezi zogwirira ntchito ndi zongopeka ndipo zimagwira kale ntchito yopanga katemera wa matenda ena.

Kodi mphamvu ya katemera amawerengedwa bwanji?

Kuchuluka kwa katemera aliyense kumawerengedwa kutengera kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe adalandira matendawa komanso omwe adalandira katemera, poyerekeza ndi omwe sanalandire katemera komanso omwe adalandira malowa.

Mwachitsanzo, pankhani ya katemera wa Pfizer, anthu 44,000 adaphunziridwa ndipo, pagululi, ndi 94 okha omwe adamaliza kupanga COVID-19. Mwa iwo 94, 9 anali anthu omwe adalandira katemera, pomwe 85 otsalawo anali anthu omwe adalandira malowa ndipo sanalandire katemerayu. Malinga ndi ziwerengerozi, kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito ake ndi pafupifupi 90%.

Mvetsetsani bwino zomwe placebo ndi zomwe zimapangidwira.

Kodi katemerayu ndiwothandiza kuthana ndi mitundu yatsopano ya kachilomboka?

Malinga ndi kafukufuku yemwe wachita ndi katemera wochokera ku Pfizer ndi BioNTech^[3], ma antibodies olimbikitsidwa ndi katemerayu awonetsedwa kuti akhala othandiza motsutsana ndi mitundu yatsopano ya coronavirus, UK ndi South Africa.

Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufukuyu akuwonetsanso kuti katemerayu akuyenera kukhalabe wogwira pakusintha zina 15 za kachiromboka.

Katemera woyamba akafika

Zikuyembekezeka kuti katemera woyamba wa COVID-19 ayamba kugawidwa mu Januware 2021. Izi ndizotheka chifukwa chokhazikitsa mapulogalamu apadera angapo omwe amalola kutulutsa katemera mwadzidzidzi osadutsa magawo onse ovomerezeka WHO.

Nthawi zonse komanso malinga ndi WHO, katemerayu ayenera kuperekedwa kwa anthu atangomaliza kuchita izi:

1. Labu yomwe imapanga katemerayu imayenera kuchita kafukufuku wamkulu wa gawo 3 omwe akuwonetsa zotsatira zokhutiritsa ndi zothandiza;
2. Katemerayu akuyenera kuwunikidwa ndi mabungwe omwe sachita chilichonse kuchokera ku labotale, kuphatikiza bungwe loyang'anira dzikolo, lomwe ku Brazil ndi Anvisa, komanso ku Portugal Osokonezeka;
3. Gulu la ofufuza omwe asankhidwa ndi WHO amafufuza zomwe zapezeka pamayeso onse kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo ndi magwiridwe antchito, komanso kukonzekera momwe katemera aliyense angagwiritsidwe ntchito;
4. Katemera wovomerezedwa ndi WHO ayenera kupanga zambiri;
5. Ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti katemera atha kugawidwa kumayiko onse molimba mtima.

WHO yaphatikizana kuti iwonetsetse kuti njira zovomerezera katemera aliyense zipita mwachangu, ndipo owongolera mdziko lililonse avomerezanso zilolezo zapadera za katemera wa COVID-19.

Pankhani ya Brazil, Anvisa adavomereza chilolezo chakanthawi ndi chadzidzidzi chomwe chimalola katemera kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu m'magulu ena a anthu. Ngakhale zili choncho, katemerayu akuyenera kutsatira malamulo ena ndipo akhoza kugawidwa ndi SUS.

Ndondomeko ya katemera ku Brazil

Mu pulani yomwe idatulutsidwa koyamba ndi Unduna wa Zaumoyo^[1], katemera angagawidwe m'magawo anayi kuti akwaniritse magulu ofunikira, komabe, zosintha zatsopano zikuwonetsa kuti katemera atha kuchitika m'magawo atatu ofunikira:

• Gawo loyamba: ogwira ntchito yazaumoyo, anthu opitilira zaka 75, anthu akomweko komanso anthu azaka zopitilira 60 omwe amakhala m'malo ophunzitsira adzalandira katemera;
• Gawo lachiwiri: anthu opitilira 60 adzalandira katemera;
• Gawo lachitatu: anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ena adzalandira katemera omwe amachulukitsa chiopsezo chotenga matenda oopsa a COVID-19, monga matenda ashuga, matenda oopsa, matenda a impso, pakati pa ena;

Katemera akalandira katemera wa COVID-19 adzapatsidwa kwa anthu ena onse.

Katemera wovomerezedwa ndi Anvisa ndi Coronavac, wopangidwa ndi Butantan Institute mogwirizana ndi Sinovac, ndi AZD1222, wopangidwa ndi labotale ya AstraZeneca mogwirizana ndi University of Oxford.

Ndondomeko ya katemera ku Portugal

Dongosolo lakutemera ku Portugal^[2] akuwonetsa kuti katemerayu akuyenera kuyamba kugawidwa kumapeto kwa Disembala, kutsatira malangizo omwe akuvomerezedwa ndi European Medicines Agency.

Magawo atatu a katemera awonedweratu:

• Gawo loyamba: akatswiri azaumoyo, ogwira ntchito m'malo osungira anthu okalamba ndi malo osamalira anthu, akatswiri ankhondo, achitetezo ndi anthu opitilira 50 komanso matenda ena ogwirizana nawo;
• Gawo lachiwiri: anthu opitilira zaka 65;
• Gawo lachitatu: otsala a anthu.

Katemera adzagawidwa kwaulere m'malo azachipatala ndi malo opatsira katemera ku NHS.

Momwe mungadziwire ngati muli m'gulu lowopsa

Kuti mudziwe ngati muli m'gulu lomwe muli pachiwopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi zovuta zazikulu za COVID-19, tengani mayeso apa intaneti:

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Yambani mayeso Kugonana:

• Mwamuna
• Mkazi

Zaka: Kulemera: Kutalika: Mu mita. Kodi muli ndi matenda osachiritsika?

• Ayi
• Matenda a shuga
• Matenda oopsa
• Khansa
• Matenda a mtima
• Zina

Kodi muli ndi matenda omwe amakhudza chitetezo chamthupi?

• Ayi
• Lupus
• Multiple sclerosis
• Kuchepetsa Matenda a M'thupi
• HIV / Edzi
• Zina

Kodi muli ndi Down syndrome?

• Inde
• Ayi

Kodi mumasuta?

• Inde
• Ayi

Kodi mudayika?

• Inde
• Ayi

Kodi mumagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala akuchipatala?

• Ayi
• Corticosteroids, monga Prednisolone
• Ma immunosuppressants, monga Cyclosporine
• Zina

M'mbuyomu Kenako

Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti kuyezetsa kumeneku kukuwonetsa chiopsezo chotenga zovuta ngati mungakhale ndi kachilombo ka COVID-19 osati chiopsezo chotenga matendawa. Izi ndichifukwa choti, chiwopsezo chotenga matendawa sichikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa cha mbiri yaumoyo, kukhala wokhudzana ndi zizolowezi za tsiku ndi tsiku, monga kusakhala patali ndi anthu, kusasamba m'manja kapena kugwiritsa ntchito chigoba choteteza.

Onani zonse zomwe mungachite kuti muchepetse chiopsezo chanu chopeza COVID-19.

Ndani adakhala ndi COVID-19 yemwe angalandire katemera?

Upangiri wake ndikuti anthu onse akhoza kulandira katemera mosatekeseka, ngakhale atakhala ndi kachilombo ka COVID-19 kale kapena ayi. Ngakhale kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti pambuyo poti munthu watenga matenda thupi limadziteteza kumatendawa kwa masiku osachepera 90, kafukufuku wina akuwonetsanso kuti chitetezo chokwanira cha katemerayu chimakhala chachikulu kuposa katatu.

Chitetezo chokwanira cha katemerayu chimawerengedwa kuti chimagwira pambuyo poti katemera aliyense waperekedwa.

Mulimonsemo, mutalandira katemera kapena mutakhala ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a COVID-19, tikulimbikitsidwa kupitiliza kutsatira njira zodzitetezera, monga kuvala chigoba, kusamba m'manja pafupipafupi komanso kutalika kwa mayanjano.

Zotsatira zoyipa

Zotsatira zoyipa za katemera wonse wopangidwa motsutsana ndi COVID-19 sizikudziwika. Komabe, malinga ndi kafukufuku yemwe ali ndi katemera wopangidwa ndi Pfizer-BioNTech ndi labotale ya Moderna, zotsatirazi zikuwoneka ngati izi:

• Ululu pamalo obayira;
• Kutopa kwambiri;
• Mutu;
• Mlingo wolimba;
• Malungo ndi kuzizira;
• Ululu wophatikizana.

Zotsatirazi ndizofanana ndi katemera wina aliyense, kuphatikiza katemera wa chimfine, mwachitsanzo.

Chiwerengero cha anthu chikuchulukirachulukira, zikuyembekezeka kuti zovuta zoyipa kwambiri, monga machitidwe a anaphylactic, zidzawonekera, makamaka kwa anthu omwe ali omvera pazinthu zina za fomuyi.

Ndani sayenera kulandira katemerayu

Katemera wotsutsana ndi COVID-19 sayenera kuperekedwa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mbiri yovuta kuyanjana ndi zilizonse za katemerayu. Kuphatikiza apo, katemera ayeneranso kuchitidwa pokhapokha dokotala atawafufuza ngati ali ndi ana osakwana zaka 16, amayi apakati ndi amayi oyamwitsa.

Odwala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma immunosuppressants kapena omwe ali ndi matenda omwe amadzichiritsira okha ayenera kupatsidwa katemera kokha moyang'aniridwa ndi adotolo.

Yesani zomwe mukudziwa

Yesani kudziwa kwanu za katemera wa COVID-19 ndikukhala pamwamba pofotokozera zina mwazinthu zabodza:

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Katemera wa COVID-19: yesani kudziwa kwanu!

Yambani mayeso Katemerayu adapangidwa mwachangu kwambiri, ndiye kuti sangakhale otetezeka.

• Zenizeni. Katemerayu adapangidwa mwachangu kwambiri ndipo sizovuta zonse zomwe zimadziwika pano.
• Zabodza. Katemerayu adapangidwa mwachangu koma adayesedwa kovuta kangapo, komwe kumatsimikizira kuti ndi otetezeka.

Katemerayu ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu choyambitsa zovuta zina, monga autism kapena kusabereka.

• Zenizeni. Pali malipoti angapo a anthu omwe adakumana ndi zovuta atalandira katemerayu.
• Zabodza. Nthawi zambiri, katemerayu amangobweretsa zovuta zochepa, monga kupweteka kwa jekeseni, malungo, kutopa ndi kupweteka kwa minofu, zomwe zimatha masiku ochepa.

Aliyense amene wakhala ndi COVID-19 amafunikiranso katemerayu.

• Zenizeni. Katemera wa COVID-19 ayenera kuchitidwa ndi anthu onse, ngakhale iwo omwe ali ndi kachilomboka.
• Zabodza. Aliyense amene wakhala ndi COVID-19 alibe chitetezo chamtunduwu ndipo safunika kulandira katemera.

Katemera wa chimfine wapachaka sateteza ku COVID-19.

• Zenizeni. Katemera wa chimfine wapachaka amateteza kumatenda ngati chimfine.
• Zabodza. Katemera wa chimfine amateteza ku mitundu ingapo yama virus, kuphatikiza coronavirus yatsopano.

Omwe amalandira katemerayu safunikanso kutsatira zina, monga kusamba m'manja kapena kuvala chinyawu.

• Zenizeni. Kuyambira pomwe katemerayu wachitika, palibe chiopsezo chotenga matendawa, kapena kufalikira, ndipo palibe chisamaliro chowonjezera chofunikira.
• Zabodza. Chitetezo chotetezedwa ndi katemerayu chimatenga masiku ochepa kuti chiwonekere pambuyo pa mlingo womaliza. Kuphatikiza apo, kusunga chisamaliro kumathandiza kupewa kupatsira ena omwe sanalandire katemera.

Katemera wa COVID-19 atha kuyambitsa matenda ataperekedwa.

• Zenizeni. Katemera wina wotsutsana ndi COVID-19 amakhala ndi tizigawo ting'onoting'ono tomwe timatha kubweretsa matendawa, makamaka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chitetezo chamthupi chofooka.
• Zabodza. Ngakhale katemera amene amagwiritsa ntchito tiziduswa ta kachilomboka, amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe osagwira omwe sangayambitse matenda amtundu uliwonse.

M'mbuyomu Kenako