DNA Yofotokozedwa ndi Kufufuzidwa

Zamkati

• Za DNA
• DNA mu thanzi, matenda, ndi ukalamba
• Matenda anu opambana
• Kuwonongeka kwa DNA ndikusintha
• DNA ndi ukalamba
• Kodi DNA imapangidwa ndi chiyani?
• Kodi DNA imawoneka bwanji?
• Kodi DNA imachita chiyani?
• DNA imathandiza thupi lanu kukula
• Kodi zimachokera kuti?
• Kodi DNA imapezeka kuti?
• Maselo a eukaryotic
• Maselo a Prokaryotic
• Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani maselo anu akagawana?
• Tengera kwina

Chifukwa chiyani DNA ndiyofunika kwambiri? Mwachidule, mu DNA mumakhala malangizo ofunika kuti pakhale zamoyo.

Ma code omwe ali mu DNA yathu amapereka malangizo amomwe mungapangire mapuloteni ofunikira pakukula kwathu, chitukuko chathunthu, komanso thanzi lathu.

Za DNA

DNA imaimira asidi deoxyribonucleic acid. Zimapangidwa ndi mayunitsi a zomangamanga zotchedwa nucleotides.

DNA ndi molekyu yofunika kwambiri kwa anthu osati anthu okha, komanso zamoyo zina zambiri. DNA ili ndi zakuthupi zathu ndi majini athu - ndizomwe zimatipangitsa kukhala apadera.

Koma kodi DNA ndiyotani kwenikweni chitani? Pitirizani kuwerenga kuti mudziwe zambiri za momwe DNA imapangidwira, zomwe zimachita, komanso chifukwa chake ndizofunika kwambiri.

DNA mu thanzi, matenda, ndi ukalamba

Matenda anu opambana

DNA yanu yonse imatchedwa genome yanu. Lili ndi mabiliyoni atatu, majini 20,000, ndi magulu awiri amtundu wa chromosomes!

Mumalandira theka la DNA yanu kuchokera kwa abambo anu ndi theka kuchokera kwa amayi anu. DNA iyi imachokera ku umuna ndi dzira, motsatana.

Chibadwa chimangopanga zochepa kwambiri zamtundu wanu - 1% yokha. 99% ina imathandizira kuwongolera zinthu monga nthawi, motani, ndi kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni omwe amapangidwa.

Asayansi akupitilizabe kuphunzira za DNA "yosalemba" imeneyi.

Kuwonongeka kwa DNA ndikusintha

Nambala ya DNA imatha kuwonongeka. M'malo mwake, akuti pafupifupi makumi masauzande a DNA zomwe zimawonongeka zimachitika tsiku lililonse m'maselo athu onse. Kuwonongeka kumatha kuchitika chifukwa cha zinthu monga zolakwika pakubwereza kwa DNA, kusintha kwaulere, komanso kuwonekera kwa radiation ya UV.

Koma musachite mantha! Maselo anu ali ndi mapuloteni apadera omwe amatha kuzindikira ndi kukonza zinthu zambiri zomwe zawonongeka ndi DNA. M'malo mwake, pali njira zosachepera zisanu zazikulu zokonzera DNA.

Masinthidwe amasintha motsatana kwa DNA. Nthawi zina amatha kukhala oyipa. Izi ndichifukwa choti kusintha kwa kachidindo ka DNA kumatha kusokoneza momwe mapuloteni amapangidwira.

Ngati mapuloteni sagwira bwino ntchito, matenda amatha. Zitsanzo zina za matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kusintha kwa jini limodzi ndi cystic fibrosis ndi sickle cell anemia.

Kusintha kwa thupi kumathandizanso kuti pakhale khansa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati majini omwe amalembera mapuloteni omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kukula kwa ma cell atasinthidwa, maselo amatha kukula ndikugawikana. Zosintha zina zomwe zimayambitsa khansa zitha kubadwa pomwe zina zimatha kupezeka chifukwa chakuwonongeka ndi ma carcinogen monga radiation ya UV, mankhwala, kapena utsi wa ndudu.

Koma sikuti kusintha konse kumakhala koyipa. Tikuwapeza nthawi zonse. Zina sizowopsa pomwe zina zimathandizira pakusiyanasiyana kwathu monga mtundu.

Zosintha zomwe zimachitika koposa 1 peresenti ya anthu zimatchedwa ma polymorphisms. Zitsanzo zama polymorphisms ena ndi tsitsi ndi maso.

DNA ndi ukalamba

Amakhulupirira kuti kuwonongeka kwa DNA kosakonzedwa kumatha kuunjikira tikamakalamba, ndikuthandizira kuyendetsa ukalamba. Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zingakhudze izi?

China chake chomwe chitha kutenga nawo mbali yayikulu pakuwonongeka kwa DNA komwe kumakhudzana ndi ukalamba ndikuwonongeka chifukwa chaopitilira muyeso. Komabe, njira imodzi yowonongekayi siyingakhale yokwanira kufotokoza ukalamba. Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zingaphatikizepo.

Chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe kuwonongeka kwa DNA kumachulukirachulukira tikamakula zimachokera pakusintha. Zimaganiziridwa kuti kuwonongeka kwa DNA kumakonzedwa mokhulupirika kwambiri tili ndi zaka zobereka ndikukhala ndi ana. Tikadutsa zaka zathu zoberekera, ntchito yokonza mwachilengedwe imachepa.

Gawo lina la DNA lomwe limakhudzidwa ndi ukalamba ndi ma telomere. Ma Telomeres ndi magawo obwereza a DNA omwe amapezeka kumapeto kwa ma chromosomes anu. Amathandizira kuteteza DNA kuti isawonongeke, komanso amafupikitsa ndikubwereza kwa DNA.

Kufupikitsa kwa Telomere kumalumikizidwa ndi ukalamba. Zapezekanso kuti zinthu zina pamoyo monga kunenepa kwambiri, kusuta fodya, komanso kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe zimathandizira kufupikitsa telomere.

Mwina kupanga zisankho zamoyo wathanzi monga kukhala ndi thanzi labwino, kuthana ndi nkhawa, komanso kusuta fodya kumatha kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa telomere? Funso ili likupitilizabe kuchita chidwi ndi ofufuza.

Kodi DNA imapangidwa ndi chiyani?

Molekyu ya DNA imapangidwa ndi ma nucleotide. Nucleotide iliyonse imakhala ndi zigawo zitatu - shuga, gulu la phosphate, ndi nayitrogeni.

Shuga mu DNA amatchedwa 2'-deoxyribose. Mamolekyu a shuga amenewa amasinthana ndi magulu a phosphate, omwe amapanga "msana" wa chingwe cha DNA.

Shuga iliyonse mu nucleotide imakhala ndi nitrogen m'munsi mwake. Pali mitundu inayi yosiyana ya ma nitrogeni omwe amapezeka mu DNA. Zikuphatikizapo:

• adenine (A)
• cytosine (C)
• guanine (G)
• thymine (T)

Kodi DNA imawoneka bwanji?

Zingwe ziwirizi za DNA zimapanga mawonekedwe a 3-D otchedwa double helix. Pakuwonetsedwa, imawoneka ngati makwerero omwe apindidwa kukhala ozungulira momwe ma base awiri am'munsi ndi mafupa a msana wa phosphate ndi miyendo.

Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti DNA yomwe ili mkatikati mwa maselo a eukaryotic ndiyofanana, kutanthauza kuti malekezero a chingwe chilichonse ndi mfulu. Mu selo ya prokaryotic, DNA imapanga mawonekedwe ozungulira.

Kodi DNA imachita chiyani?

DNA imathandiza thupi lanu kukula

DNA ili ndi malangizo omwe ndi ofunikira kwa chamoyo - inu, mbalame, kapena chomera mwachitsanzo - kukula, kukula, ndi kubereka. Malangizowa amasungidwa munthawi yamagulu awiri a nucleotide base.

Maselo anu amawerenga manambala atatuwa nthawi imodzi kuti apange mapuloteni ofunikira pakukula ndi kupulumuka. Dongosolo la DNA lomwe limasunga chidziwitso kuti apange mapuloteni amatchedwa geni.

Gulu lirilonse la magawo atatu limafanana ndi ma amino acid, omwe ndi zomanga zomanga thupi. Mwachitsanzo, magulu awiri TGG amatanthauzira amino acid tryptophan pomwe magulu awiri a GRG amatchula amino acid glycine.

Kuphatikiza kwina, monga TA, AT, ndi T-G, kumawonetsanso kutha kwa dongosolo la mapuloteni. Izi zimauza khungu kuti lisapanganso ma amino acid mu protein.

Mapuloteni amapangidwa ndi kuphatikiza ma amino acid. Mapuloteni onse akaikidwa pamodzi molondola, amakhala ndi kapangidwe kake ndikugwira ntchito mthupi lanu.

Kodi zimachokera kuti?

Pakadali pano, taphunzira kuti DNA ili ndi kachidindo komwe kamapereka chidziwitso cha khungu momwe angapangire mapuloteni. Koma chikuchitika ndi chiyani pakati? Mwachidule, izi zimachitika kudzera munjira ziwiri:

Choyamba, zingwe ziwiri za DNA zidagawika pakati. Kenako, mapuloteni apadera mkati mwa nyukiliya amawerenga awiriawiri pamunsi pa chingwe cha DNA kuti apange molekyu yamkati yamthenga.

Izi zimatchedwa kusindikiza ndipo mamolekyulu omwe amapangidwa amatchedwa messenger RNA (mRNA). MRNA ndi mtundu wina wa nucleic acid ndipo imachita ndendende dzina lake. Imayenda kunja kwa nyukiliya, imagwira ntchito ngati uthenga kwa makina am'manja omwe amamanga mapuloteni.

Pachigawo chachiwiri, zigawo zapadera za selo zimawerenga uthenga wa mRNA mawiri awiri panthawi imodzi ndikugwira ntchito yopanga protein, amino acid ndi amino acid. Izi zimatchedwa kutanthauzira.

Kodi DNA imapezeka kuti?

Yankho la funso ili limadalira mtundu wa chamoyo chomwe mukukambirana. Pali mitundu iwiri ya selo - eukaryotic ndi prokaryotic.

Kwa anthu, pali DNA m'maselo athu onse.

Maselo a eukaryotic

Anthu ndi zamoyo zina zambiri zimakhala ndi maselo a eukaryotic. Izi zikutanthauza kuti maselo awo ali ndi phata lolumikizidwa ndi nembanemba ndi zina zingapo zomangidwa ndi nembanemba zotchedwa organelles.

M'maselo a eukaryotic, DNA ili mkati mwa khungu. DNA yocheperako imapezekanso mu ma organelles otchedwa mitochondria, omwe ndi nyumba zamagetsi zamaselo.

Chifukwa pali malo ochepa mkati mwa nyukiliya, DNA iyenera kukhala yolimba kwambiri. Pali magawo angapo osiyanasiyana, koma zomaliza ndi zomwe timatcha ma chromosomes.

Maselo a Prokaryotic

Zamoyo monga mabakiteriya ndi ma prokaryotic cell. Maselowa alibe khutu kapena ma organelles. M'maselo a prokaryotic, DNA imapezeka yolumikizidwa mkati mwa selo.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani maselo anu akagawana?

Maselo amthupi lanu amagawika ngati gawo labwino kukula. Izi zikachitika, selo iliyonse yatsopano iyenera kukhala ndi DNA yathunthu.

Kuti mukwaniritse izi, DNA yanu iyenera kuchitidwa mobwerezabwereza. Izi zikachitika, zingwe ziwiri za DNA zidagawika pakati. Kenako, mapuloteni apadera apamagulu amagwiritsa ntchito chingwe chilichonse ngati template kuti apange chingwe chatsopano cha DNA.

Kubwereza kukamalizidwa, pamakhala mamolekyulu awiri a DNA okhala ndi mikanda iwiri. Gulu limodzi limalowa m'selo yatsopano iliyonse mukagawana.

Tengera kwina

DNA ndi yofunikira pakukula kwathu, kubereka, komanso thanzi. Lili ndi malangizo ofunikira kuti ma cell anu apange mapuloteni omwe amakhudza njira zosiyanasiyana ndikugwirira ntchito mthupi lanu.

Chifukwa chakuti DNA ndiyofunika kwambiri, kuwonongeka kapena kusintha kwa nthawi zina kumathandizira kukulitsa matenda. Komabe, nkofunikanso kukumbukira kuti masinthidwe atha kukhala opindulitsa ndikuthandizira pakusiyanasiyana kwathu.