Matenda olankhula - ana

Vuto lakulankhula ndi vuto lomwe limapangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi vuto lopanga kapena kupanga mamvekedwe oyenera kuti alankhulane ndi ena. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti zolankhula za mwana zikhale zovuta kuzimvetsa.

Matenda olankhula wamba ndi awa:

• Matenda osokoneza
• Matenda amawu
• Kusasamala
• Mavuto amawu kapena mavuto amawu

Matenda olankhula ndi osiyana ndi mavuto azilankhulo omwe ana amakhala nawo. Mavuto azilankhulo amatanthauza munthu amene akuvutika ndi:

• Kupereka tanthauzo kapena uthenga wawo kwa ena (chilankhulo)
• Kumvetsetsa uthenga wochokera kwa ena (chilankhulo chomvera)

Kulankhula ndi imodzi mwanjira zikuluzikulu zomwe timalumikizirana ndi omwe atizungulira. Zimakula mwachilengedwe, pamodzi ndi zizindikilo zina zakukula bwino ndikukula. Kusokonezeka kwa kalankhulidwe ndi chilankhulo ndizofala kwa ana azaka zoyambira sukulu.

Zisokonezo ndizovuta zomwe munthu amabwereza mawu, mawu, kapena mawu. Chibwibwi chingakhale kusokonezeka kwakukulu. Itha kuyambitsidwa ndi:

• Zovuta zachibadwa
• Kupsinjika mtima
• Zovuta zilizonse kuubongo kapena matenda

Matchulidwe andiphonological amatha kumachitika m'mabanja ena. Zina mwa zifukwa zake ndi izi:

• Mavuto kapena kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake ka minofu ndi mafupa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mawu. Kusintha kumeneku kungaphatikizepo mavuto a m'kamwa ndi mano.
• Kuwonongeka kwa ziwalo za ubongo kapena misempha (monga ku ubongo) yomwe imayang'anira momwe minofu imagwirira ntchito limodzi kuti ipange kuyankhula.
• Kutaya kwakumva.

Mavuto amawu amayamba chifukwa cha mavuto mpweya ukamadutsa m'mapapu, kudzera mu zingwe zamawu, kenako kukhosi, mphuno, pakamwa, ndi milomo. Matenda amawu atha kukhala chifukwa cha:

• Mavitamini ochokera m'mimba akusunthira mmwamba (GERD)
• Khansa yapakhosi
• Kutulutsa pakamwa kapena mavuto ena m'kamwa
• Zinthu zomwe zimawononga mitsempha yomwe imapereka minofu ya zingwe zamawu
• Ma laryngeal webs kapena mapangidwe (chilema chobadwa chomwe chidutswa chochepa kwambiri cha minofu chili pakati pa zingwe zamawu)
• Kukula kosatulutsa khansa (ma polyps, ma nodule, ma cyst, ma granulomas, ma papillomas, kapena zilonda) pama zingwe zamawu
• Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zingwe zamawu pakulira, mosalekeza kukhosi, kapena kuyimba
• Kutaya kwakumva

KUSINTHA

Chibwibwi ndichinthu chofala kwambiri.

Zizindikiro zakusokonekera zitha kukhala:

• Kubwereza kwa mawu, mawu, kapena magawo amawu kapena mawu atakwanitsa zaka 4 (Ndikufuna ... ndikufuna chidole changa. Ine ... ndikukuwonani.)
• Kuyika (kusokoneza) mawu owonjezera kapena mawu (Tidapita ku ... u ... sitolo.)
• Kupanga mawu aatali (Ndine Boooobbby Jones.)
• Kupumira panthawi ya chiganizo kapena mawu, nthawi zambiri ndi milomo pamodzi
• Kumangika m'mawu kapena kumveka
• Kukhumudwa ndi kuyesera kulankhulana
• Mutu ukugwedezeka polankhula
• Maso akuphethira polankhula
• Manyazi ndi mawu

NKHANI YOSOKONEZEKA

Mwanayo sangathe kutulutsa mawu momveka bwino, monga kunena "coo" m'malo mwa "sukulu."

• Zomveka zina (monga "r", "l", kapena "s") zimatha kusokonezedwa kapena kusinthidwa (monga kupanga mawu a 'm ndi mluzu).
• Zolakwitsa zitha kupangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti anthu amumvetse munthuyo (ndi abale ake okha omwe amatha kumvetsetsa mwana).

CHOSOKONEZEKA KWA FONO

Mwanayo sagwiritsa ntchito mawu ena kapena mawu onse kuti apange mawu monga amayembekezera msinkhu wawo.

• Phokoso lomaliza kapena loyambirira la mawu (nthawi zambiri makonsonanti) amatha kusiidwa kapena kusinthidwa.
• Mwanayo sangakhale ndi vuto kutchula mawu omwewo m'mawu ena (mwana amatha kunena "boo" kwa "buku" ndi "pi" kwa "nkhumba", koma sangakhale ndi vuto kunena "kiyi" kapena "pitani").

MAVUTO A MAU

Mavuto ena olankhula ndi awa:

• Kuwopsya kapena kusowa mawu
• Mawu atha kulowa kapena kutuluka
• Mphamvu ya mawu ingasinthe mwadzidzidzi
• Mawu akhoza kukhala okwera kwambiri kapena ofewa kwambiri
• Munthu amatha kutha mpweya pomupatsa chiganizo
• Kulankhula kumamveka kosamveka chifukwa mpweya wochuluka ukutuluka kudzera payipi (hypernasality) kapena mpweya wochepa kwambiri ukutuluka kudzera mphuno (chisokonezo)

Wothandizira zaumoyo wanu adzafunsa zakukula kwa mwana wanu komanso mbiri yabanja. Wothandizira adzayesa kuwunika kwamitsempha ndikuyang'ana:

• Kulankhula bwino
• Kupsinjika kulikonse
• Zovuta zilizonse
• Zotsatira zakusokonekera pakulankhula pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku

Zida zina zowunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira ndi kuzindikira zovuta zakulankhula ndi:

• Kufufuza Kwa Denver Articulation.
• Leiter Mayiko Magwiridwe sikelo-3.
• Mayeso a Goldman-Fristoe ofotokozera 3 (GFTA-3).
• Kujambula kwa Arizona ndi Phonology Scale 4th Revision (Arizona-4).
• Mbiri yoyang'anira mawu-Prosody.

Kuyesa kwakumva kungapangidwenso kuti muchepetse kutaya khutu chifukwa cha vuto lakulankhula.

Ana amatha kutulutsa mitundu yayikulu yovuta kuyankhula. Mtundu wa chithandizo uzidalira kuopsa kwa vuto lakulankhula ndi zomwe zimayambitsa.

Chithandizo chamalankhulidwe chitha kuthandiza ndi zizindikilo zowopsa kapena zovuta zilizonse zolankhula zomwe sizikusintha.

Pochiza, wothandizirayo atha kuphunzitsa mwana wanu momwe angagwiritsire ntchito lilime lawo popanga mawu.

Ngati mwana ali ndi vuto la kulankhula, makolo amalimbikitsidwa kuti:

• Pewani kufotokoza nkhawa yanu kwambiri chifukwa cha vutoli, zomwe zitha kukulitsa mavuto ndikupangitsa mwanayo kudzidalira.
• Pewani zochitika zapanikizika ngati kuli kotheka.
• Mverani moleza mtima kwa mwanayo, yang'anani maso, musamudule mawu, ndikuwonetsa chikondi ndi kuvomereza. Pewani kuwamaliza ziganizo.
• Patulani nthawi yolankhula.

Mabungwe otsatirawa ndi zida zabwino zodziwitsa za vuto lakulankhula ndi chithandizo chake:

• American Institute for Stuttering - chibwibwi.org
• Msonkhano waku America Olankhula-Kumva-Kumva (ASHA) - www.asha.org/
• Stuttering Foundation - www.stutteringhelp.org
• Bungwe la National Stuttering Association (NSA) - westutter.org

Maonekedwe amatengera chifukwa cha vutoli. Nthawi zambiri amalankhula bwino. Chithandizo choyambirira chimakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino.

Zovuta zakulankhula zimatha kubweretsa zovuta pamaubwenzi chifukwa chovuta kulumikizana.

Imbani wothandizira zaumoyo wanu ngati:

• Zolankhula za mwana wanu sizikukula mogwirizana ndi zochitika zapadera.
• Mukuganiza kuti mwana wanu ali mgulu lowopsa.
• Mwana wanu akuwonetsa zizindikilo za vuto lakulankhula.

Kumva kutayika kumayambitsa chiopsezo cha kulankhula. Makanda omwe ali pachiwopsezo ayenera kutumizidwa kwa katswiri wa zamagetsi kukayesedwa kumva. Kumva ndi chithandizo chamalankhulidwe atha kuyambika, ngati kuli kofunikira.

Pamene ana aang'ono ayamba kulankhula, kusokonezeka kwina kumakhala kofala, ndipo nthawi zambiri, kumatha popanda chithandizo. Mukamaganizira kwambiri za kusachita bwino ntchito, chibwibwi chimatha kuyamba.

Kusowa kwamatchulidwe; Matenda osokoneza bongo; Phonological matenda; Matenda amawu; Matenda osokonekera; Kusasamala; Matenda olumikizirana - vuto la kulankhula; Matenda olankhula - chibwibwi; Kuunjikana; Chibwibwi; Ubwana umayamba kusokonekera

Tsamba la American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Mavuto amawu. www.asha.org/Practice-Portal/Clinical-Topics/Voice-Disorders/. Idapezeka pa Januware 1, 2020.

Zithunzi MD. Kukula kwa chilankhulo ndi zovuta zolumikizirana. Mu: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, olemba. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Wolemba 21. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 52.

Wophunzitsa DA, Nass RD. Mavuto azilankhulo. Mu: Swaiman KF, Ashwal S, Ferriero DM, et al, olemba. Swaiman's Pediatric Neurology: Mfundo ndi Zochita. Lachisanu ndi chimodzi. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017: mutu 53.

Zajac DJ. Kuwunika ndikuwongolera zovuta zamalankhulidwe a wodwalayo ali ndi kamwa. Mu: Fonseca RJ, mkonzi. Opaleshoni Yamlomo ndi Maxillofacial. Wachitatu ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2018: mutu 32.