Zogonana zogwirizana

Njira yolumikizirana ndi kugonana ndi njira yodziwika bwino yoti chikhalidwe kapena vuto limatha kupitilizidwa kudzera m'mabanja. Jini yachilendo pa X chromosome imatha kuyambitsa matenda opatsirana pogonana.

Mawu ofanana ndi mitu akuphatikizapo:

• Autosomal wamkulu
• Autosomal yochulukirapo
• Chromosome
• Gene
• Chibadwa ndi matenda
• Cholowa
• Kugonana kotereku

Cholowa cha matenda, chikhalidwe, kapena chikhalidwe china chimadalira mtundu wa chromosome yomwe imakhudzidwa. Itha kukhala chromosome yodziyimira payokha kapena chromosome yogonana. Zimadaliranso kuti khalidweli ndilopambana kapena lowonjezera. Matenda okhudzana ndi kugonana amatengera kudzera mwa ma chromosomes ogonana, omwe ndi ma X ndi Y chromosomes.

Cholowa chambiri chimapezeka pamene jini yosazolowereka kuchokera kwa kholo limodzi imatha kuyambitsa matenda, ngakhale jini lofananira ndi kholo linalo ndilabwino. Jini losazolowereka limalamulira mitundu iwiriyo.

Pa vuto lalikulu lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi X: Ngati bambo ali ndi geni yachilendo X, ana ake onse aakazi adzalandira matendawa ndipo palibe mwana wake wamwamuna yemwe adzakhala ndi matendawa. Izi ndichifukwa choti nthawi zonse ana amatenga X chromosome ya abambo awo. Ngati mayi anyamula X yachilendo, theka la ana awo onse (ana aakazi ndi ana amuna) adzalandira matendawa.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati pali ana anayi (anyamata awiri ndi atsikana awiri) ndipo mayiwo wakhudzidwa (ali ndi X yachilendo ndipo ali ndi matenda) koma bambo alibe geni yachilendo ya X, zovuta zomwe akuyembekezeredwa ndi izi:

• Ana awiri (mtsikana m'modzi ndi mnyamata m'modzi) adzakhala ndi matendawa
• Ana awiri (mtsikana m'modzi ndi mnyamata m'modzi) sadzakhala ndi matendawa

Ngati pali ana anayi (anyamata awiri ndi atsikana awiri) ndipo bambo akukhudzidwa (ali ndi X yachilendo ndipo ali ndi matenda) koma mayi sali, zovuta zomwe akuyembekezeredwa ndi izi:

• Atsikana awiri adzakhala ndi matendawa
• Anyamata awiri sadzakhala ndi matendawa

Izi sizikutanthauza kuti ana omwe adzalandire X yachilendo adzawonetsa zisonyezo zazikulu za matendawa. Mwayi wolandila chatsopano pakubereka kulikonse, chifukwa chake zovuta zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa sizingakhale zomwe zimachitika kwenikweni m'banja. Zovuta zina zolumikizidwa ndi X ndizovuta kwambiri kotero kuti amuna omwe ali ndi vuto la majini amatha kufa asanabadwe. Chifukwa chake, pakhoza kukhala kuchuluka kwakusokonekera m'mabanja kapena ana ochepera achimuna kuposa momwe amayembekezera.

Cholowa - cholumikizira zogonana; Chibadwa - cholumikizira zogonana; X yolumikizidwa kwambiri; Y-yolumikizidwa kwambiri

• Chibadwa

Feero WG, Zazove P, Chen F. Zazachipatala zamankhwala. Mu: Rakel RE, Rakel DP, olemba. Buku Lophunzitsira La Banja. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016: chap 43.

Gregg AR, Kuller JA. Chibadwa cha anthu ndi mitundu ya cholowa. Mu: Resnik R, Lockwood CJ, Moore TR, Greene MF, Copel JA, Silver RM, olemba. Creasy ndi Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Mfundo ndi Kuchita. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019: chap 1.

Jorde LB, Carey JC, Bamshad MJ. Njira zogonana zogwirizana komanso zosasinthika. Mu: Jorde LB, Carey JC, Bamshad MJ, olemba. Zachipatala. Lachisanu ndi chimodzi. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: mutu 5.

Korf BR. Mfundo za chibadwa. Mu: Goldman L, Schafer AI, olemba. Mankhwala a Goldman-Cecil. 26 wa. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 35.