Kulemba magazi

Kulemba magazi ndi njira yodziwira mtundu wamagazi omwe muli nawo. Kulemba magazi kumachitika kuti mutha kupereka magazi anu bwinobwino kapena kuthiridwa magazi. Zimathandizidwanso kuti muwone ngati muli ndi chinthu chotchedwa Rh factor pamwamba pamaselo anu ofiira.

Mtundu wamagazi anu umadalira kuti kaya mapuloteni ena ake ali m'maselo anu ofiira kapena ayi. Mapuloteniwa amatchedwa ma antigen. Mtundu wamagazi anu (kapena gulu lamagazi) zimadalira mitundu yomwe makolo anu adakupatsirani.

Magazi nthawi zambiri amagawika malinga ndi kalembedwe ka magazi a ABO. Mitundu 4 yamagazi yayikulu ndi iyi:

• Lembani A
• Mtundu B
• Lembani AB
• Lembani O

Muyenera kuyesa magazi. Kuyesa kuti mudziwe gulu lanu lamagazi kumatchedwa ABO typing. Sampuli yanu yamagazi imasakanizidwa ndi ma antibodies motsutsana ndi magazi amtundu wa A ndi B. Kenako, chitsanzocho chimayang'anitsidwa kuti aone ngati ma cell amwazi amalumikizana kapena ayi. Maselo amwazi akaphatikizana, zikutanthauza kuti magazi adachitidwa ndi amodzi mwamthupi.

Gawo lachiwiri limatchedwa kuti kalembedwe kalembedwe. Gawo lamadzi lamagazi anu lopanda ma cell (serum) limasakanikirana ndi magazi omwe amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wa A ndipo amalemba mtundu wa B. Anthu omwe ali ndi magazi amtundu wa A ali ndi ma anti-B. Anthu omwe ali ndi magazi amtundu wa B ali ndi ma anti-A. Mtundu wa O magazi uli ndi mitundu iwiri ya ma antibodies.

Masitepe awiri pamwambapa amatha kudziwa molondola mtundu wamagazi anu.

Kujambula kwa Rh kumagwiritsa ntchito njira yofananira ndi ABO typing. Kulemba magazi kumachitika kuti muwone ngati muli ndi Rh factor pamaselo anu ofiira, zotsatira zake zidzakhala chimodzi mwazi:

• Rh + (zabwino), ngati muli ndi proteni iyi
• Rh- (negative), ngati mulibe puloteniyi

Palibe kukonzekera kwapadera komwe kuyenera kuyesedwa.

Pamene singano imayikidwa kuti ikoke magazi, anthu ena amamva kupweteka pang'ono. Ena amangomva kubaya kapena kuluma. Pambuyo pake, pakhoza kukhala kupunduka kapena kuvulala pang'ono. Izi posachedwa zichoka.

Kulemba magazi kumachitika kuti mutha kulandira magazi mosadalirika kapena kumuika. Mtundu wamagazi anu uyenera kufanana kwambiri ndi magazi omwe mumalandira. Ngati mitundu yamagazi siyifanana:

• Chitetezo chanu cha mthupi chidzawona maselo ofiira operekedwa ngati achilendo.
• Ma antibodies adzayamba motsutsana ndi maselo ofiira omwe aperekedwa ndikuwukira ma cell amwaziwa.

Njira ziwiri zomwe magazi anu ndi magazi anu apadera sangafanane ndi izi:

• Kusagwirizana pakati pa mitundu yamagazi A, B, AB, ndi O. Umu ndiye mawonekedwe ofananirana kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, chitetezo chamthupi chimakhala chovuta kwambiri.
• Rh factor singafanane.

Kulemba magazi ndikofunikira kwambiri panthawi yapakati. Kuyesedwa mosamala kumatha kuteteza kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi mwa mwana wakhanda komanso jaundice.

Mudzauzidwa mtundu wa magazi a ABO omwe muli nawo. Icho chidzakhala chimodzi cha izi:

• Lembani magazi A
• Mtundu wa magazi B
• Lembani magazi a AB
• Lembani magazi O

Mudzauzidwanso ngati muli ndi magazi a Rh kapena magazi a Rh-negative.

Kutengera zotsatira zanu, omwe amakuthandizani azaumoyo amatha kudziwa mtundu wamwazi womwe mungalandire:

• Ngati muli ndi magazi amtundu wa A, mutha kungolandira mitundu A ndi O yamagazi.
• Ngati muli ndi magazi amtundu wa B, mutha kungolandira mitundu B ndi O magazi.
• Ngati muli ndi magazi amtundu wa AB, mutha kulandira mitundu A, B, AB, ndi O magazi.
• Ngati muli ndi magazi amtundu wa O, mutha kungolandira magazi O mtundu.
• Ngati ndinu Rh +, mutha kulandira Rh + kapena Rh- magazi.
• Ngati muli Rh-, mutha kungolandira magazi a Rh-.

Mtundu O magazi amatha kuperekedwa kwa aliyense amene ali ndi mtundu wamagazi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake anthu omwe ali ndi magazi amtundu wa O amatchedwa opereka magazi padziko lonse lapansi.

Pali chiopsezo chochepa chotenga magazi anu. Mitsempha ndi mitsempha imasiyana mosiyanasiyana kuchokera pa munthu wina kupita kwina, komanso kuchokera mbali imodzi ya thupi kupita mbali inayo. Kutenga magazi kuchokera kwa anthu ena kumatha kukhala kovuta kuposa ena.

Zowopsa zina zomwe zimakoka magazi ndi zochepa, koma mwina ndi izi:

• Kukomoka kapena kumva mopepuka
• Ma punctures angapo kuti mupeze mitsempha
• Kutaya magazi kwambiri
• Hematoma (magazi omanga pansi pa khungu)
• Kutenga (chiopsezo chochepa nthawi iliyonse khungu likasweka)

Pali ma antigen ambiri kupatula zazikuluzikulu (A, B, ndi Rh). Achichepere ambiri samadziwika kawirikawiri pakulemba magazi. Ngati sapezeka, mutha kuyankhabe mukalandira mitundu ina yamagazi, ngakhale ma antigen a A, B, ndi Rh akufanana.

Njira yotchedwa kuyerekezera komwe kumatsatiridwa ndimayeso a Coombs itha kuthandiza kuzindikira ma antigen aang'ono awa. Zimachitika musanathiridwe magazi, kupatula pakagwa mwadzidzidzi.

Cross yofananira; Kulemba kwa Rh; Kulemba magazi kwa ABO; Mtundu wamagazi a ABO; Mtundu wamagazi; Mtundu wamagazi a AB; O mtundu wamagazi; Kuika magazi - kulemba magazi

• Erythroblastosis fetalis - photomicrograph
• Mitundu yamagazi

Segal GV, Wahed MA. Zogulitsa zamagazi komanso kubanki yamagazi. Mu: Fowler GC, mkonzi. Njira za Pfenninger ndi Fowler Zoyang'anira Poyamba. Wolemba 4. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 234.

Shaz BH, CD ya Hilyer. Mankhwala oika anthu magazi. Mu: Goldman L, Schafer AI, olemba. Mankhwala a Goldman-Cecil. 26 wa. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 167.

Westhoff CM, Storry JR, Shaz BH. Ma antigen wamagulu amthupi ndi ma antibodies. Mu: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Silberstein LE, et al, olemba. Hematology: Mfundo Zoyambira ndi Zochita. Wachisanu ndi chiwiri. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: mutu 110.