Kodi Nitrate ndi Nitrites mu Zakudya Ndi Zovulaza?

Zamkati

• Kodi nitrate ndi nitrites ndi chiyani?
• Komwe ma nitrate ndi ma nitrites amapezeka
• Momwe nitrate amakhudzira kuthamanga kwa magazi komanso thanzi la mtima
• Kodi ma nitrate amatha kutentha?
• Kuopsa kwa nitrate ndi nitrites
• Momwe mungachepetse kuwonetsedwa kwa nitrosamine
• Mfundo yofunika

Nitrate ndi nitrites ndi mankhwala omwe amapezeka mwachilengedwe m'thupi la munthu komanso zakudya zina, monga masamba. Opanga amawawonjezeranso pazakudya zopangika, monga nyama yankhumba, kuti asungidwe ndikuwapangitsa kuti atenge nthawi yayitali.

Mwanjira zina, nitrate ndi nitrites zitha kukhala zowopsa. Komabe, amathanso kukhala ndi maubwino azaumoyo.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza nitrate ndi nitrites mu zakudya.

Kodi nitrate ndi nitrites ndi chiyani?

Nitrate ndi nitrites ndi mitundu iwiri yosakanikirana.

Ma nitrate (NO3) amakhala ndi atomu imodzi ya nayitrogeni ndi ma atomu atatu a oxygen. Ma nitrites (NO2) amakhala ndi atomu imodzi ya nayitrogeni ndi ma atomu awiri a oxygen.

Ma nitrate amakhala opanda mphamvu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amakhala okhazikika ndipo sangathe kusintha ndikuvulaza.

Komabe, mabakiteriya mkamwa kapena michere m'thupi amatha kuwasintha kukhala ma nitrites, ndipo atha kukhala owopsa.

Komanso, ma nitrites amatha kukhala:

• nitric oxide, yomwe imathandiza thupi
• nitrosamines, zomwe zingakhale zovulaza

Pali zambiri zokhudzana ndi izi pansipa.

Opanga amawonjezera nitrites ku nyama kuti asunge. Ndiwo chifukwa chake nyama yochiritsidwa ndi ya pinki kapena yofiira. Mu nyama, nitrites amasandulika nitric oxide. Izi zimachita ndi mapuloteni m nyama, kusintha utoto ndikuthandizira kuyisunga. (1).

Popanda nitrites ndi zowonjezera zina, nyama imatha kukhala yofiirira mwachangu.

Nitrate ndi nitrites ndi mankhwala omwe amakhala ndi maatomu a nayitrogeni ndi oksijeni. Ma nitrate amatha kukhala ma nitrites, omwe amatha kupanga nitric oxide (chabwino) kapena nitrosamines (oyipa).

Komwe ma nitrate ndi ma nitrites amapezeka

Ogulitsa zakudya nthawi zambiri amawonjezera ma nitrate ndi ma nitrite ku nyama zomwe zimakonzedwa, monga nyama yankhumba, nyama, soseji, ndi agalu otentha.

Makina owonjezerawa amathandizira:

• kupewa kukula kwa mabakiteriya owopsa
• onjezani kununkhira kwamchere
• sintha mawonekedwe a nyama powapatsa utoto wofiira kapena pinki

Kudya kwambiri nyama yosinthidwa kumatha kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha khansa m'mimba. Anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti nitrate ndi nitrites ndiye chifukwa choopsa (2,).

Komabe, ma nitrate ndi ma nitrites amapezekanso mwachilengedwe m'masamba, omwe amachepetsa chiopsezo cha mitundu ina ya khansa ndi matenda ena (, 5).

M'malo mwake, malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, anthu amapeza pafupifupi 80% ya ma nitrate azakudya zawo zamasamba ().

Thupi limapanganso ma nitrate ndikuwatulutsa m'malovu (7, 8).

Nitrate ndi nitrites zimazungulira kuchokera kumagawo am'magazi kulowa m'mwazi, kenako kulowa malovu, ndikubwerera m'thupi ().

Zitha kukhala zothandiza kuti thupi lanu likhale lathanzi, chifukwa limawoneka ngati likugwira ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'thupi. Amatha kuthandiza kupha mabakiteriya, monga Salmonella (, ).

Amathanso kusintha kukhala nitric oxide (NO), molekyulu yofunika kwambiri ().

Nitrate imakhalanso mwachilengedwe m'madzi. M'madera ena, kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza kumatha kubweretsa michere yambiri yomwe imatha kuvulaza ana. Pachifukwa ichi, akuluakulu azaumoyo amayang'anira kuchuluka kwa nitrate m'madzi akumwa ().

Ma nitrate amapezeka pang'ono mu nyama zomwe zakonzedwa komanso mochulukira muzakudya zathanzi monga masamba. Zimakhalanso m'madzi akumwa, ndipo thupi la munthu limatulutsanso nitrate.

Momwe nitrate amakhudzira kuthamanga kwa magazi komanso thanzi la mtima

Nthawi zina, nitrite imataya atomu ya oxygen. Kenako, amasandulika nitric oxide, molekyulu yofunika.

Nitric oxide (NO) ili ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana mthupi. Itha kukhala poizoni wambiri, koma itha kuthandizanso kuteteza thupi (14).

Chofunika kwambiri, ndi ma molekyulu osonyeza. Imayenda kudzera m'makoma a mtsempha wamagazi ndikutumiza zikwangwani kumaselo ang'onoang'ono amkati ozungulira mitsempha, kuwauza kuti apumule ().

Maselowa akamapuma, mitsempha ya magazi imayamba kutuluka, ndipo kuthamanga kwa magazi kumatsika.

Nitroglycerin ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi nitrate. Othandizira azaumoyo amagwiritsa ntchito kuchiza kulephera kwa mtima ndi zina ().

Nitroglycerin imatha kuteteza kapena kusintha angina, mtundu wa kupweteka pachifuwa komwe kumachitika pamene mtima wam'mimba sukupeza mpweya wokwanira chifukwa chotsika magazi.

Zakudya za nitrate ndi ma nitrites amathanso kusintha kukhala nitric oxide, kuchepetsa mitsempha yamagazi, komanso kutsika kwa magazi ().

Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti zakudya zomwe zili ndi nitrate komanso ma nitrites ambiri, monga beetroot kapena madzi a beetroot, zimatha kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa magazi. Pakafukufuku wina, kuthamanga kwa magazi kudatsika mpaka 4-10 mm / Hg kwakanthawi kochepa (,,).

Kuthamanga kwa magazi ndichowopsa pachiwopsezo cha matenda amtima ndi sitiroko, zomwe zimafala kwambiri zomwe zitha kupha moyo.

Thupi, ma nitrites amatha kukhala nitric oxide (NO), molekyulu yosonyeza yomwe imapangitsa kuti mitsempha yamagazi izitambalala ndikuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa magazi.

Kodi ma nitrate amatha kutentha?

Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti ma nitrate amatha kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito, makamaka panthawi yolimbitsa thupi kwambiri.

Anthu ena nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito madzi a beetroot kapena beetroot pachifukwa ichi, chifukwa amakhala ndi nitrate ambiri.

Chifukwa chakusintha kwakuthupi kwakuthupi mwina chifukwa cha ma nitrate omwe akuwonjezera mphamvu ya mitochondria. Mitochondria ndi gawo la maselo omwe amapanga mphamvu ().

Kafukufuku wowerengeka wasonyeza kuti beetroot imatha kuchepetsa mtengo wa oxygen pochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi 5.4%, kuwonjezera nthawi yotopetsa ikathamanga ndi 15%, ndikusintha magwiridwe antchito ndi 4% (,,).

Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti ma nitrate ndi ma nitrite azakudya amatha kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito, makamaka pakuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi mwamphamvu.

Kuopsa kwa nitrate ndi nitrites

Nitrate ndi nitrites ndizofunikira, koma zitha kukhala zowopsa ngati zipanga nitrosamines. Nitrosamines imatha kupangidwa ngati mumaphika nitrate kapena nitrites kutentha kwambiri. (25).

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nitrosamines, ndipo ambiri amatha kuwonjezera ngozi ya khansa. (26).

Nitrosamines ndi ena mwazomwe zimayambitsa khansa mufodya, mwachitsanzo.

Bacon, agalu otentha, ndi nyama yosinthidwa imatha kukhala ndi magawo ambiri a sodium nitrite. Amakhalanso ndi mapuloteni ambiri, omwe amapangidwa ndi amino acid. Pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwambiri, kuphatikiza uku kumapangitsa kuti ma nitrosamines apange ().

Kuphika masamba, komabe, kumachepetsa kutulutsa ma nitrosamines. Anthu kawirikawiri amaphika ndiwo zamasamba kutentha kwambiri, ndipo mulibe mapuloteni ambiri.

Pamene ma nitrites ndi amino acid amapezeka, mankhwala a khansa otchedwa nitrosamines amatha kupanga pophika ndi kutentha kwambiri.

Momwe mungachepetse kuwonetsedwa kwa nitrosamine

Opanga amayenera kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma nitrite omwe amagwiritsira ntchito pazakudya zosinthidwa mwalamulo, chifukwa cha kuwopsa kwa nitrosamines.

Ayeneranso kuwonjezera vitamini C, yomwe imalepheretsa mapangidwe a nitrosamine ().

Nyama yosinthidwa yomwe mumadya lero ili ndi nitrite yocheperako kuposa momwe idalili zaka makumi angapo zapitazo.

Mutha kuchepetsa chiopsezo chowonetsedwa ndi nitrosamine posankha mwanzeru mukamagula nyama, monga nyama yankhumba.

Malo ena ogulitsa amagulitsa nyama yankhumba yabwino yopanda nitrate. Zosakaniza zikuyenera kuwonetsa kuti nyama yankhumba ilibe zowonjezera zowonjezera zomwe zimakhala ndi nitrate.

Muyenera kuyang'ana zolemba za:

• sodium nitrate (E251)
• sodium nitrite (E250)
• potaziyamu nitrate (E252)
• potaziyamu nitrite (E249)

Ndikofunika kuyang'ana zosakaniza. Njira zina zachilengedwe zosungira nyama, monga mchere wamchere, zimatha kukhala ndi nitrate. Zotsatira zake, nyama yankhumba "yopanda nitrate" imatha kukhala ndi nitrate wambiri kuposa nyama yankhumba wamba (29).

Kuti mutsimikizire kuti mupeze nyama yankhumba yomwe ili ndi mavitamini ochepa, mutha kuyesa izi:

• Gulani kwanuko komwe kuli kotheka kapena kumsika wa alimi.
• Pezani wogulitsa nyama yankhumba kuchokera ku nkhumba zowetedwa msipu.
• Mwachangu kapena kuphika nyama yankhumba pamoto wochepa kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo pewani kuyiyatsa.

Kafukufuku wina wakale akuwonetsa kuti kuphika nyama yankhumba mu microwave ndiyo njira yabwino yochepetsera mapangidwe a nitrosamine (30).

Nayi kanema wokhala ndi malangizo amomwe mungachitire izi.

Nitrate ndi mtundu wa zoteteza, ndipo nyama yankhumba yomwe ili ndi mavitamini ochepa sangakhale motalika. Mutha kuyisunga kwakanthawi pozizira.

Mutha kuchepetsa chiopsezo chotenga nitrosamine posankha mosamala nyama zopangidwa zomwe zilibe zowonjezera zomwe zili ndi nitrate.

Mfundo yofunika

Nitrate ndi nitrites ndi mankhwala omwe amapezeka mwachilengedwe m'thupi la munthu komanso zakudya zina. Iwo amawonjezeranso ku zakudya zina zosinthidwa kuti aziwonjezera moyo wa alumali.

Amatha kusintha kukhala nitric oxide, amachepetsa mitsempha yanu, komanso amachepetsa kuthamanga kwa magazi. Kuphatikiza apo, atha kukulitsa magwiridwe antchito.

Komabe, ma carcinogenic omwe amapanga nitrosamines amatha kupanga ngati mutaphika nitrate kapena nitrites kutentha kwambiri, komwe kumawononga thanzi.

Chifukwa cha malamulo okhwima, pali ma nitriti ocheperako muzakudya zopangidwa masiku ano, popeza opanga amayenera kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito.

Mutha kuchepetsa chiopsezo chotenga nitrosamine powerenga mosamala chizindikirocho mukamagula nyama zomwe zasinthidwa kuti mupeze chinthu chomwe chili ndi zowonjezera kapena chopanda zowonjezera chomwe chili ndi nitrate.