Kodi mankhwala ophera tizilombo akuwononga thanzi lanu?

Zamkati

• Kodi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi chiyani?
• Mitundu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo
• Mankhwala Opangira Mankhwala
• Organic kapena Biopesticides
• Kodi Zakudya Zakudya Zakudya Zakudya Zam'madzi Zimayendetsedwa Bwanji?
• Kodi Zida Zachitetezo Ndizodalirika Motani?
• Kodi Zotsatira Zathanzi Lakuwonongeka Kwazakumwa Zam'madzi Ndi Ziti?
• Kodi Chakudya Chambiri Chili Ndi Mavuto Otani?
• Kodi Pali Mankhwala Ochepa Ophera Tizilombo?
• Kodi Pali Mankhwala Ochepetsa Ophera Tizilombo M'zinthu Zosintha Zachilengedwe (GMOs)?
• Kodi Muyenera Kupewa Zakudya Zogwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo?
• Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri

Anthu ambiri amadandaula za mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu zakudya.

Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochepetsa kuwonongeka kwa mbewu kuchokera ku namsongole, makoswe, tizilombo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Izi zimapangitsa zokolola za zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba ndi mbewu zina.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapezeka pamwamba pa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba akagulidwa ngati golosale.

Imafufuza mitundu yodziwika bwino ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito muulimi wamakono komanso ngati zotsalira zake zimakhudza thanzi la anthu.

Kodi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi chiyani?

Mwanjira yayikulu kwambiri, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera zamoyo zilizonse zomwe zingawononge kapena kuwononga mbewu, malo ogulitsa kapena nyumba.

Chifukwa pali mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo toononga, pali mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Zotsatirazi ndi zitsanzo:

• Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: Kuchepetsa kuwonongeka ndi kuipitsidwa kwa mbewu zomwe zikukula ndikututa ndi tizilombo ndi mazira awo.
• Mankhwala akupha: Amadziwikanso kuti opha udzu, izi zimapangitsa zokolola.
• Zamadzimadzi: Zofunikira pakuthana ndi chiwonongeko ndi kuipitsidwa kwa mbewu ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso matenda ofalitsidwa ndi makoswe.
• Mafungicides: Chofunika kwambiri poteteza zokolola ndi mbewu ku fungal zowola.

Kukula kwa njira zaulimi, kuphatikiza mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zawonjezera zokolola muulimi wamakono kawiri kapena kasanu ndi katatu kuyambira 1940s (1).

Kwa zaka zambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kunali kovuta kwambiri. Komabe, mphamvu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo pa chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu yakhala ikuwunikidwa kwambiri kuyambira pomwe Silent Spring idalembedwa ndi Rachel Carson mu 1962.

Masiku ano, mankhwala ophera tizilombo akuyang'aniridwa kwambiri ndi mabungwe aboma komanso omwe siaboma.

Mankhwala abwino amatha kuwononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda popanda kuwononga mavuto kwa anthu, zomera zomwe sizikulimbana, nyama ndi chilengedwe.

Mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri amayandikira muyeso woyenerawo. Komabe, si angwiro, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kumakhudza thanzi ndi chilengedwe.

Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amayesetsa kuwononga tizirombo popanda kuwononga anthu ndi chilengedwe. Mankhwala opha tizilombo akhala bwino pakapita nthawi, koma palibe omwe ali ndi njira yabwino yopewera tizilombo popanda zovuta.

Mitundu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo

Mankhwala ophera tizilombo atha kukhala opanga, kutanthauza kuti amapangidwa m'malabu a mafakitale, kapena organic.

Mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kapena biopesticides, ndi mankhwala omwe amapezeka mwachilengedwe, koma amatha kupangidwanso m'malabu kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito polima.

Mankhwala Opangira Mankhwala

Mankhwala opangira mankhwala amapangidwa kuti akhale okhazikika, akhale ndi moyo wabwino wa alumali ndipo azikhala ovuta kugawa.

Amapangidwanso kuti azitha kulimbana ndi tizirombo komanso kukhala ndi poizoni wochepa kwa nyama zomwe sizikulimbana ndi chilengedwe.

Makalasi a mankhwala opanga mankhwala ndi awa (2):

• Organophosphates: Mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amalimbana ndi dongosolo lamanjenje. Angapo a iwo aletsedwa kapena aletsedwa chifukwa cha kuwonekera koopsa mwangozi.
• Ma Carbamates: Mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amakhudza dongosolo lamanjenje mofananamo ndi organophosphates, koma alibe poizoni, chifukwa zotsatira zake zimatha msanga.
• Pyrethroids: Zimakhudzanso dongosolo lamanjenje. Ndi mtundu wopangidwa ndi labotale wa mankhwala achilengedwe omwe amapezeka mu chrysanthemums.
• Organochlorines: Kuphatikiza dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), izi zaletsedwa kwambiri kapena zoletsedwa chifukwa chakusokonekera kwachilengedwe.
• Neonicotinoids: Mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasamba ndi mitengo. Pakadali pano akuyang'aniridwa ndi US EPA chifukwa cha malipoti akuvulaza njuchi.
• Glyphosate: Wotchedwa mankhwala otchedwa Roundup, herbicide iyi yakhala yofunikira pakulima mbewu zosinthidwa.

Organic kapena Biopesticides

Ulimi wa organic umagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kapena mankhwala achilengedwe omwe amapezeka m'zomera.

Pali mitundu yambiri yoti tifotokozere apa, koma EPA yasindikiza mndandanda wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe adalembetsedwa kale.

Komanso, Unduna wa Zacholimo ku United States uli ndi mndandanda wa mankhwala ovomerezeka omwe ali ovomerezeka.

Nazi zitsanzo zochepa za mankhwala ofunika ophera tizilombo:

• Rotenone: Tizilombo tomwe timagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo. Amapangidwa mwachilengedwe ngati kachilomboka poletsa zomera zingapo zotentha ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi owopsa kuti azisodza.
• Mkuwa sulphate: Amawononga bowa ndi namsongole wina. Ngakhale amadziwika kuti ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, amapangidwa ndi mafakitale ndipo amatha kukhala poizoni kwa anthu komanso chilengedwe pamagulu ambiri.
• Horticultural mafuta: Amatanthauza zowonjezera za mafuta kuchokera kuzomera zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsutsana ndi tizilombo. Izi zimasiyana ndi zosakaniza ndi zovuta zina. Zina zitha kuvulaza tizilombo tothandiza ngati njuchi (3).
• Poizoni wa Bt: Wopangidwa ndi mabakiteriya komanso othandiza polimbana ndi mitundu ingapo ya tizilombo, poizoni wa Bt wabwera m'mitundu ina yazomera (GMO).

Mndandandawu suli wokwanira, koma ukuwonetsa mfundo ziwiri zofunika.

Choyamba, "organic" satanthauza "wopanda mankhwala." M'malo mwake, limatanthauza mitundu yapadera ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapezeka m'chilengedwe ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mopangira mankhwala ophera tizilombo.

Chachiwiri, "zachilengedwe" sizikutanthauza "zopanda poizoni." Mankhwala ophera tizilombo atha kukhala ovulaza thanzi lanu komanso chilengedwe.

Mankhwala opangira amapangidwa m'malabu. Organic kapena biopesticides zimapangidwa mwachilengedwe, koma zimatha kupanganso m'malabu. Ngakhale zachilengedwe, izi sizikhala zotetezeka nthawi zonse kwa anthu kapena chilengedwe.

Kodi Zakudya Zakudya Zakudya Zakudya Zam'madzi Zimayendetsedwa Bwanji?

Mitundu yambiri yamaphunziro imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumvetsetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ndi owopsa.

Zitsanzo zina ndizoyesa kuyeza anthu omwe mwangozi adapezeka ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuyesa nyama ndikuphunzira zaumoyo wanthawi yayitali wa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu ntchito zawo.

Izi zimaphatikizidwa ndikupanga malire azowonekera bwino.

Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala ochepa kwambiri opha tizilombo omwe amachititsa ngakhale chizindikiro chodziwika kwambiri amatchedwa "kuchepa kwambiri," kapena LOAEL. "Palibe zotsatira zoyipa," kapena NOAEL, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito nthawi zina ().

Mabungwe monga World Health Organisation, European Food Safety Authority, US department of Agriculture ndi US Food and Drug Administration amagwiritsa ntchito izi kuti apange gawo lowonekera lomwe limaonedwa ngati lotetezeka.

Kuti achite izi, amawonjezeranso chitetezo chamtundu wina pokhazikitsa malo ochepera 100-1,000 kuposa LOAEL kapena NOAEL ().

Pokhala osamala kwambiri, malamulo oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo amasunga kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo pazakudya zosachepera bwino.

Mabungwe angapo oyang'anira akhazikitsa malire a chitetezo cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Malirewa ndi osamala kwambiri, amaletsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo nthawi zocheperako kuposa mlingo wochepa kwambiri wodziwika kuti ungavulaze.

Kodi Zida Zachitetezo Ndizodalirika Motani?

Kutsutsa kumodzi kwa chitetezo cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo - opangira ndi organic - amakhala ndi zitsulo zolemera ngati mkuwa, zomwe zimakhazikika mthupi m'kupita kwanthawi.

Komabe, kafukufuku wokhudza nthaka ku India adapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo sikunapangitse zitsulo zazitali kwambiri kuposa zomwe zimapezeka munthaka yopanda mankhwala (5).

Chodzudzula china ndikuti zina mwazobisika, zovuta zaumoyo za mankhwala ophera tizilombo mwina sizitha kuzindikirika ndi mitundu ya kafukufuku yemwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa malire otetezeka.

Pazifukwa izi, kuwunika kosalekeza kwa zotsatira zaumoyo m'magulu omwe amawonekera modabwitsa kwambiri ndikofunikira kuthandizira kukonza malamulo.

Zophwanya izi zachitetezo sizodziwika. Kafukufuku waku US adapeza miliri ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo pamwambapa pamiyeso yolamulidwa mwa 9 mwa 2,344 zoweta ndi 26 mwa 4,890 zitsanzo zakunja (6).

Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku waku Europe adapeza kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo pamwambamwamba pa malamulo awo mu 4% ya zakudya 40,600 m'maiko 17 (6).

Mwamwayi, ngakhale milingo ikadutsa malire, sizimabweretsa mavuto (6,).

Kuwunikanso kwa zaka makumi ambiri ku US kunapeza kuti matenda omwe amabwera chifukwa cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo sanayambitsidwe chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, koma ngozi zomwe sizinachitike pomwe mlimi aliyense amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala molakwika ().

Mankhwala opangira mankhwala ophera tizilombo nthawi zambiri samadutsa chitetezo ndipo nthawi zambiri samapweteketsa. Matenda ambiri okhudzana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo amadza chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mwangozi kapena kuwonekera pantchito.

Kodi Zotsatira Zathanzi Lakuwonongeka Kwazakumwa Zam'madzi Ndi Ziti?

Mankhwala opangidwa ndi tizilombo tomwe timapanga timakhala tomwe timapanga timakhala tomwe timakhala ndi tizilombo tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala ndi zipatso pamasamba.

Kwa ana, kuwonekera mwangozi pamankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo kumalumikizidwa ndi khansa yaubwana, kuchepa kwa chidwi cha matenda osokoneza bongo (ADHD) ndi autism (9,).

Kafukufuku wina wa ana 1,139 adapeza 50-90% chiwopsezo chowonjezeka cha ADHD mwa ana omwe ali ndi mkodzo wapamwamba kwambiri wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, poyerekeza ndi omwe ali ndi mkodzo wotsika kwambiri (,).

Phunziroli, sizikudziwika ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapezeka mumkodzo anali ochokera kuzinthu zina kapena zina zachilengedwe, monga kukhala pafupi ndi famu.

Kafukufuku wina sanawonetse vuto lililonse m'makanda 350 obadwa kwa azimayi omwe ali ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo mkodzo kwambiri panthawi yoyembekezera, poyerekeza ndi amayi omwe ali ndi mankhwala ochepetsa tizilombo ().

Kafukufuku wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polima adapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito rotenone kumalumikizidwa ndi matenda a Parkinson pambuyo pake m'moyo (14).

Mankhwala opangira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda akhala akugwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa khansa pamitengo yayikulu ya nyama za labu (15).

Komabe, palibe chiwopsezo chowonjezeka cha khansa chomwe chalumikizidwa ndi mankhwala ochepa ophera tizilombo.

Kuunikanso kumodzi kwamaphunziro ambiri kunatsimikizira kuti zovuta zakukula kwa khansa kuchokera kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amadya nthawi yayitali ndi ochepera miliyoni imodzi ().

Kutulutsa mwangozi mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumalumikizidwa ndi khansa zina ndi matenda a neurodevelopmental. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapezeka muzakudya sikuyenera kuvulaza.

Kodi Chakudya Chambiri Chili Ndi Mavuto Otani?

Kuwunikanso kwathunthu kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu chakudya kumapezeka ku World Health Organisation (17).

Kafukufuku wina adawonetsa 3% ya maapulo aku Poland omwe anali ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo opitilira malire a chitetezo cha mankhwala pazakudya ().

Komabe, milingoyo sinali yokwanira kuvulaza, ngakhale ana.

Mulingo wa mankhwala opangira mankhwala atha kuchepetsedwa mwa kutsuka, kuphika ndi kukonza chakudya ().

Kafukufuku wina adapeza kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo adachepetsedwa ndi 10-80% ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zophikira ndi kukonza zakudya ().

Makamaka, kutsuka ndi madzi apampopi (ngakhale opanda sopo wapadera kapena mankhwala ochotsera) kumachepetsa milingo ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi 60-70% ().

Mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu zokolola wamba nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepera chitetezo chawo. Amatha kuchepetsedwa ndikupukuta komanso kuphika chakudya.

Kodi Pali Mankhwala Ochepa Ophera Tizilombo?

N'zosadabwitsa kuti mbewu zokolola zimakhala ndi mankhwala ochepa opangira mankhwala. Izi zimamasulira milingo yocheperako yopangira mankhwala m'thupi (22).

Kafukufuku wina mwa anthu opitilira 4,400 adawonetsa kuti omwe akuti kugwiritsira ntchito zokolola zochepa pang'ono anali ndi tizirombo tating'onoting'ono ta mkodzo ().

Komabe, zokolola zamagulu zimakhala ndi milingo yambiri ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo.

Kafukufuku wina wa azitona ndi maolivi ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo adapeza kuchuluka kwa biopesticides rotenone, azadirachtin, pyrethrin ndi fungicides zamkuwa (24).

Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amakhalanso ndi zovuta zachilengedwe, zomwe, nthawi zina, zimakhala zoyipa kuposa njira zopangira ().

Anthu ena amati mankhwala ophera tizilombo titha kukhala ovulaza pakapita nthawi chifukwa adapangidwa kuti akhale ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri ndipo amatha nthawi yayitali mthupi komanso chilengedwe.

Izi nthawi zina zimakhala zoona. Komabe, pali zitsanzo zingapo za mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapitilira motalika kapena kutalika kuposa mankhwala opangira tizilombo (26).

Maganizo otsutsana ndi akuti mankhwala opha tizilombo nthawi zambiri sagwira ntchito kuposa mankhwala opangira mankhwala, zomwe zimapangitsa alimi kuti azigwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi komanso pamlingo waukulu.

M'malo mwake, pakafukufuku wina, pomwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo opitilira muyeso adadutsa malire a 4% kapena zocheperako, zokolola za rotenone ndi mkuwa zimapitilira malire awo achitetezo (6, 24).

Ponseponse, kuthekera kovulaza kochokera ku ma biopesticides opangira ndi organic kumadalira mtundu wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso mlingowu. Komabe, mitundu yonse ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo sizokayikitsa kuti ingayambitse mavuto azaumoyo m'magawo otsika omwe amapezeka pazokolola.

Zachilengedwe zimakhala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochepa, koma pali ma biopesticides ambiri. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo sikuti ndiotetezeka kwenikweni, koma mitundu yonse ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndiyotetezeka pamiyeso yotsika yomwe imapezeka muzokolola.

Kodi Pali Mankhwala Ochepetsa Ophera Tizilombo M'zinthu Zosintha Zachilengedwe (GMOs)?

Ma GMO ndi mbewu zomwe majini awonjezeredwa kuti athandize kukula, kusinthasintha kapena kukana kulimbana ndi tizilombo (27).

Zakale, zomera zakutchire zimapangidwa kuti zizikhala ndi machitidwe abwino olimapo posankha zokha mbewu zabwino kwambiri.

Njira iyi yosankhira majini yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pachomera chilichonse ndi nyama zonse zomwe zimapezeka mdziko lathu lapansi.

Ndi kuswana, kusintha kumapangidwa pang'onopang'ono pamibadwo yambiri, ndipo chifukwa chake chomera chimakhala cholimba ndichinsinsi. Ngakhale chomera chimasankhidwa kuti chikhale ndi mkhalidwe winawake, kusintha kwa majini komwe kunayambitsa khalidweli sikuwoneka kwa obereketsa.

Ma GMO amafulumizitsa njirayi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zasayansi kuti zipatse cholondacho mtundu wina wamtundu. Zotsatira zomwe akuyembekeza zimadziwika pasadakhale, monga momwe chimanga chimasinthira kuti apange poizoni wa Bt toxin ().

Chifukwa mbewu za GMO mwachilengedwe zimachulukana, zimafunikira mankhwala ochepa ophera tizilombo kuti athe kulima bwino ().

Izi mwina sizipindulitsa anthu omwe amadya zokolola, chifukwa chiopsezo cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo pachakudya chatsika kale. Komabe, ma GMO atha kuchepetsa zovuta zachilengedwe komanso zantchito zomwe zimapangidwa ndi biopesticides.

Ndemanga zingapo zamaphunziro aanthu ndi nyama zatsimikizira kuti palibe umboni kuti ma GMO ndi owopsa kuumoyo (, 30, 31, 32).

Chodetsa nkhaŵa chinawonjezeka kuti ma GMO omwe sagonjetsedwa ndi glyphosate (Roundup) amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito herbicide iyi m'magulu apamwamba.

Pomwe kafukufuku wina adanenanso kuti kuchuluka kwa glyphosate kumatha kulimbikitsa khansa m'matumba a labu, milingo iyi inali yokwera kwambiri kuposa yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu GMO ndikupanga ngakhale kuwonekera pantchito kapena chilengedwe ().

Kuwunikanso kwamaphunziro angapo kwathetsa kuchuluka kwa glyphosate ndikotetezeka ().

Ma GMO amafuna mankhwala ochepa ophera tizilombo. Izi zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwa alimi, okolola komanso anthu okhala pafupi ndi minda. Kafukufuku wambiri akuwonetsa kuti ma GMO ali otetezeka.

Kodi Muyenera Kupewa Zakudya Zogwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo?

Pali umboni wochuluka wa sayansi kuti kudya zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zambiri kuli ndi zabwino zambiri (34).

Izi ndi zoona mosasamala kanthu kuti zokololazo ndizopangidwa mwachilengedwe kapena mwanjira zonse komanso ngati zasinthidwa kapena ayi (,).

Anthu ena amatha kusankha kupewa mankhwala ophera tizilombo chifukwa cha zovuta zachilengedwe kapena pantchito. Koma kumbukirani kuti organic sikutanthauza mankhwala ophera tizilombo.

Kudya zakudya zolimidwa komweko kumatha kukhala ndi phindu pazachilengedwe, koma zimatengera machitidwe a famuyo. Ngati mumagula m'mafamu am'deralo, lingalirani kuwafunsa za njira zawo zowononga tizilombo (26).

Mankhwala otsika omwe amapezeka mu zokolola ndi otetezeka. Kugula zokolola zakomweko kumatha kuchepetsa kapena kuchepa izi, kutengera momwe alimi alimi.

Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri

Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi pazakudya zonse zamakono zokongoletsa zokolola polamulira namsongole, tizilombo ndi zina zomwe zimawopseza kuti zituluke.

Mankhwala opangidwa ndi tizilombo tomwe timapanga timagulu ting'onoting'ono timatha kukhala ndi thanzi.

Mwambiri, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amalamulidwa mosamalitsa ndikuyeza. Zakudya zachilengedwe zimakhala zochepa m'mankhwala opangira tizilombo, koma ndizokwera kwambiri m'mankhwala ophera tizilombo.

Komabe, milingo ya mankhwala opangira mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timatulutsa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zocheperako poyerekeza ndi zotsika kwambiri zomwe zimavulaza nyama kapena anthu.

Kuphatikiza apo, maubwino ambiri azaumoyo akudya zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba ndizowoneka bwino komanso zosasintha pamaphunziro mazana ambiri.

Gwiritsani ntchito zizolowezi zanzeru, monga kutsuka zipatso musanagwiritse ntchito, koma osadandaula za mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu chakudya.