Kuchokera ku Metabolism kupita ku LSD: Ofufuza a 7 Omwe Adziyesa Okha

Zamkati

• Zabwino kapena zoyipa, ofufuzawa adasintha sayansi
• Santorio Santorio (1561-1636)
• John Hunter (1728-1793)
• Daniel Alcides Carrión (1857–1885)
• Barry Marshall (1951–1)
• David Pritchard (1941–)
• Ogasiti Bier (1861-1949)
• Albert Hofmann (1906-2008)
• Mwamwayi, sayansi yachokera kutali

Zabwino kapena zoyipa, ofufuzawa adasintha sayansi

Ndi zodabwitsa zamankhwala amakono, ndikosavuta kuiwala kuti zambiri mwa izo sizinkadziwika kale.

M'malo mwake, ena mwa njira zamankhwala zamankhwala zamankhwala zamankhwala zamankhwala zamankhwala zamankhwala zamankhwala zamankhwala zamankhwala zamankhwala zamankhwala zamankhwala zamankhwala zamankhwala zamankhwala zamankhwala zamankhwala zamankhwala zamankhwala zam'magazi, komanso zina mwazomwe zimachitika m'mayendedwe am'thupi, zimathandizanso kuthana ndi mavuto azachipatala.

Ngakhale tili ndi mwayi tsopano kuti tili ndi mayeso azachipatala oyendetsedwa bwino, sizinali choncho nthawi zonse. Nthawi zina molimba mtima, nthawi zina amasochera, asayansi asanu ndi awiriwa adadziyesera okha ndipo adathandizira kuchipatala monga tikudziwira lero.

Santorio Santorio (1561-1636)

Wobadwira ku Venice mu 1561, Santorio Santorio adathandizira kwambiri kumunda wake akugwira ntchito ngati dotolo payekha kwa olemekezeka ndipo pambuyo pake kukhala wapampando wa zamankhwala ku Yunivesite ya Padua yotamandidwa kale - kuphatikiza m'modzi mwa oyang'anira mitengo yoyamba yamtima.

Koma chodziwika kwambiri kuti anali wotchuka chinali chidwi chake chachikulu chodzipima.

Adapanga mpando waukulu momwe angakhalire kuti awone kulemera kwake. Mapeto ake anali kuyeza kulemera kwa chakudya chilichonse chomwe adadya ndikuwona kulemera kwake komwe adatsika ndikamugaya.

Zachilendo momwe zimamvekera, anali wosamalitsa, ndipo miyezo yake inali yolondola.

Adalemba zambiri za kuchuluka kwa zomwe amadya komanso kuchuluka kwa kulemera kwake tsiku lililonse, pamapeto pake pomaliza kuti amachepa theka la mapaundi tsiku lililonse pakati pa nthawi yakudya ndi nthawi yachimbudzi.

Atalephera kufotokoza momwe "kutulutsa" kwake kunalili kocheperako kuposa momwe amadyera, poyamba adalemba izi mpaka "thukuta losamva," kutanthauza kuti timapuma ndikutulutsa thukuta zina mwathupi lathu monga zinthu zosaoneka.

Maganizo amenewo anali ovuta panthawiyo, koma tsopano tikudziwa kuti anali ndi chidziwitso choyambirira cha kagayidwe kake. Pafupifupi dokotala aliyense lero angathokoze Santorio chifukwa chokhazikitsa maziko akumvetsetsa kwathu kofunikira kwambiri mthupi.

John Hunter (1728-1793)

Sizinthu zonse zodziyesera zokha zomwe zimayenda bwino, komabe.

M'zaka za zana la 18, anthu aku London anali atachuluka kwambiri. Ntchito yogonana itayamba kufalikira ndipo makondomu anali asadalipo, matenda opatsirana pogonana (STDs) amafalikira mwachangu kuposa momwe anthu amaphunzirira za iwo.

Ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa momwe ma virus ndi bakiteriya amagwirira ntchito kupitilira kufalikira kwawo kudzera mukugonana. Palibe sayansi yomwe idakhalapo momwe adapangira kapena ngati wina ndi mnzake.

John Hunter, dokotala wodziwika bwino pothandiza kupanga katemera wa nthomba, amakhulupirira kuti chinzonono cha STD chinali gawo loyambirira la syphilis. Ananenanso kuti ngati matenda a chinzonono atha kuchiritsidwa msanga, zitha kuteteza kuti matenda ake asakule ndikukhala chindoko.

Kupanga kusiyanasiyana kungakhale kovuta. Ngakhale kuti chinzonono chinali chothandizika komanso chosapha, syphilis imatha kusintha moyo wawo komanso kupha.

Chifukwa chake, Hunter wokonda kwambiri adayika madzi kuchokera kwa m'modzi mwa odwala ake omwe ali ndi gonorrhea kuti adzivulaza mbolo yake kuti athe kuwona momwe matendawa amapitilira. Hunter atayamba kuwonetsa zizindikilo za matenda onsewa, adaganiza kuti apambana.

Kutembenuka, anali kwambiri cholakwika.

Zowona zake, wodwala yemwe akuti adamuchotsa mafinya anali zonse Matenda opatsirana pogonana.

Hunter adadzipatsa yekha matenda opatsirana pogonana ndipo adalepheretsa kafukufuku wama STD kwa pafupifupi zaka 50 osatsutsidwa. Choyipa chachikulu, adakakamiza madokotala ambiri kuti azingogwiritsa ntchito nthunzi ya mercury ndikudula zilonda, poganiza kuti zitha kuyimitsa chindoko.

Kupitilira zaka 50 atazindikira, malingaliro a Hunter adatsutsidwa pomwe dokotala waku France a Philippe Ricord, m'modzi mwa ofufuza ochulukirapo omwe amatsutsana ndi chiphunzitso cha Hunter (ndi njira yake yotsutsana yodziwitsa anthu za matenda opatsirana pogonana kwa anthu omwe alibe), zitsanzo zoyesedwa mwamphamvu kuchokera ku zotupa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda amodzi kapena onse awiri.

Ricord pamapeto pake adapeza kuti matenda awiriwa ndi osiyana. Kafukufuku wama STD awiriwa adapita patsogolo kuchokera pamenepo.

Daniel Alcides Carrión (1857–1885)

Odziyesa okha adalipira mtengo wokwanira kufunafuna kumvetsetsa zaumoyo wa anthu ndi matenda. Ndipo ochepa okha ndi omwe angakwanitse kulipira bilu iyi komanso a Daniel Carrión.

Pomwe amaphunzira ku Mayor de San Marcos ku Universidad ku Lima, Peru, wophunzira zamankhwala Carrión adamva zakufalikira kwa malungo osadziwika mumzinda wa La Oroya. Ogwira ntchito njanji kumeneko anali ndi vuto lalikulu la kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi monga gawo la matenda otchedwa "Oroya fever."

Ndi ochepa okha omwe adazindikira momwe vutoli limayambidwira kapena kufalikira. Koma Carrión anali ndi lingaliro: Pakhoza kukhala kulumikizana pakati pa zizindikiro zoyipa za matenda a Oroya ndi "verruga peruana" wamba, kapena "njerewere za ku Peru." Ndipo adali ndi lingaliro loyesa chiphunzitsochi: kudzilowetsa jakisoni wamatenda omwe ali ndi kachilombo ndikuwona ngati ali ndi malungo.

Ndiye ndizomwe anachita.

Mu Ogasiti 1885, adatenga minyewa yamatenda kuchokera kwa wodwala wazaka 14 ndikuwapatsa anzake kuti amubaye m'manja mwake. Patadutsa mwezi umodzi, Carrión adayamba kukhala ndi zizindikilo zowopsa, monga malungo, kuzizira, komanso kutopa kwambiri. Pakutha kwa Seputembara 1885, adamwalira ndi malungo.

Koma kufunitsitsa kwake kuphunzira za matendawa ndikuthandizira omwe adwalawo kunapangitsa kuti afufuze mozama mzaka zapitazi, kutsogolera asayansi kuzindikira mabakiteriya omwe amayambitsa malungo ndikuphunzira kuchiza matendawa. Omutsatira adatchula chikhalidwechi kuti chikumbukire zopereka zake.

Barry Marshall (1951–1)

Sikuti zoyeserera zonse zowopsa zimathera pamavuto, komabe.

Mu 1985, Barry Marshall, katswiri wamankhwala amkati ku Royal Perth Hospital ku Australia, ndi mnzake wofufuza, J. Robin Warren, adakhumudwitsidwa ndi malingaliro atha zaka zambiri ofufuza zamatenda a m'matumbo.

Lingaliro lawo linali kuti m'matumbo mabakiteriya amatha kuyambitsa matenda am'mimba - pamenepa, Helicobacter pylori - koma magazini pambuyo poti magazini adakana zonena zawo, ndikupeza umboni wawo kuchokera kuzikhalidwe zasayansi zosagwirizana.

Madokotala sanakhulupirire panthawiyo kuti mabakiteriya amatha kukhala ndi asidi m'mimba. Koma Marshall anali. Chifukwa chake, adadzitengera yekha nkhaniyo. Kapena pamenepa, m'mimba mwake.

Adamwa njira yothetsera H. pylori, akuganiza kuti adzadwala zilonda m'mimba nthawi ina m'tsogolo. Koma adayamba kukhala ndi zizindikilo zazing'ono, monga mseru komanso kununkha. Ndipo pasanathe sabata, adayambanso kusanza.

Pa endoscopy posakhalitsa pambuyo pake, zidapezeka kuti H. pylori anali atadzaza kale m'mimba mwake ndi mabakiteriya apamwamba. Marshall amayenera kumwa maantibayotiki kuti matendawa asapangitse kutupa koopsa komanso matenda am'mimba.

Zapezeka: Mabakiteriya amatha kuyambitsa matenda am'mimba.

Kuvutikako kunali koyenera pomwe iye ndi Warren adalandira Mphotho ya Nobel ya zamankhwala chifukwa chopezeka pamtengo wa Marshall (pafupi ndi wowopsa).

Chofunika kwambiri, mpaka lero, maantibayotiki am'mimba monga zilonda zam'mimba zoyambitsidwa ndi H. pylori Mabakiteriya tsopano akupezeka kwambiri kwa anthu opitilira 6 miliyoni omwe amalandila zilonda zamtunduwu chaka chilichonse.

David Pritchard (1941–)

Ngati kumwa m'matumbo mabakiteriya sikunali koyipa, a David Pritchard, pulofesa wa chitetezo cha majeremusi ku University of Nottingham ku United Kingdom, adachitanso izi kuti atsimikizire mfundo.

Pritchard adalumikiza ziphuphu zokwanira 50 m'manja mwake ndikuzilola kuti ziziyenda pakhungu lake kuti zimupatse.

Kutentha.

Koma Pritchard anali ndi cholinga m'maganizo mwake pamene adachita izi mu 2004. Amakhulupirira kuti ndikudziyambitsa Necator americanus ziphuphu zingapangitse kuti chifuwa chanu chikhale bwino.

Kodi zinatheka bwanji kuti akhale ndi maganizo osamveka chonchi?

Pritchard wachichepereyo adadutsa ku Papua New Guinea mzaka za m'ma 1980 ndipo adawona kuti anthu am'deralo omwe anali ndi matenda amtunduwu anali ndi zizindikilo zochepa kwambiri kuposa anzawo omwe analibe matendawa.

Anapitilizabe kukulitsa malingalirowa kwazaka pafupifupi makumi awiri, mpaka adaganiza kuti yakwana nthawi yoti ayesere payekha.

Kuyesera kwa Pritchard kunawonetsa kuti matenda ofatsa a hookworm amatha kuchepetsa zizindikilo za ziwengo mwa ma allergen omwe angayambitse kutupa, monga omwe amayambitsa matenda ngati mphumu.

Kafukufuku wambiri woyesa malingaliro a Pritchard kuyambira pamenepo adachitidwa, ndi zotsatira zosakanikirana.

Kafukufuku wa 2017 mu Clinical and Translational Immunology adapeza kuti hookworms imatulutsa protein yotchedwa anti-inflammatory protein 2 (AIP-2), yomwe imatha kuphunzitsa chitetezo chamthupi chanu kuti chisatenthe ziphuphu mukamayambitsa ziwengo kapena mphumu. Puloteni iyi itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza mphumu mtsogolo.

Koma ku Clinical & Experimental Allergy sikunali kolonjeza kwenikweni. Sanapeze vuto lililonse kuchokera ku hookworms pazizindikiro za mphumu kupatula kusintha pang'ono pakupuma.

Pakadali pano, mutha kuwombedwa ndi ma hookworms nokha - pamtengo wotsika wa $ 3,900.

Koma ngati muli pofika pomwe mukuganiza zopangira ma hookworms, tikukulimbikitsani kuti muzitsatira njira zowonongera zowononga, monga allergen immunotherapy kapena anti-anti-antihistamines.

Ogasiti Bier (1861-1949)

Pomwe asayansi ena amasintha njira zamankhwala kuti atsimikizire kuti zomwe amakhulupirira ndi zabodza, ena, monga dokotala waku Germany waku Germany a August Bier, amatero kuti athandize odwala awo.

Mu 1898, m'modzi mwa odwala a Bier ku Royal Surgical Hospital aku University of Kiel ku Germany anakana kuchitidwa opareshoni ya bondo, popeza anali atakumana ndi zovuta zambiri pa dzanzi pakati pa opareshoni yapita.

Chifukwa chake Bier adapereka lingaliro lina: mankhwala a cocaine adalowetsedwa m'mitsempha ya msana.

Ndipo zinagwira ntchito. Ali ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo a msana, wodwalayo amakhala atagona nthawi yayitali osamva kuwawa. Koma patangopita masiku ochepa, wodwalayo anali ndi kusanza koopsa komanso kupweteka.

Pofuna kuti apititse patsogolo zomwe adazipeza, Bier adadzipangira yekha njira yabwino pomufunsa womuthandizira, August Hildebrandt, kuti alowetse njira yothetsera mankhwala a cocaine pamsana pake.

Koma Hildebrandt adasokoneza jakisoniyo pogwiritsa ntchito singano yolakwika, ndikupangitsa kuti madzi a m'mimba ndi cocaine azitsanulira mu singano akadali mumsana wa Bier. Chifukwa chake Bier adapeza lingaliro loyesera jakisoni pa Hildebrandt m'malo mwake.

Ndipo zinagwira ntchito. Kwa maola angapo, Hildebrandt sanamve kanthu kalikonse. Bier adayesa izi munjira zoyipa kwambiri zotheka. Anakoka tsitsi la Hildebrandt, kuwotcha khungu lake, komanso kufinya machende ake.

Ngakhale kuyesayesa kwa Bier ndi Hildebrandt kunabala kubala kwa msana komwe kumalowetsedwa mwachindunji mumsana (monga momwe amagwiritsidwabe ntchito masiku ano), amunawa adamva kuwawa kwamlungu umodzi kapena kupitilira apo.

Koma Bier atakhala kunyumba ndikukhala bwino, Hildebrandt, monga wothandizira, amayenera kukasungira Bier kuchipatala pomwe amachira. Hildebrandt sanathe kuzimvetsa (zomveka choncho), ndipo adathetsa ubale wake ndi Bier.

Albert Hofmann (1906-2008)

Ngakhale kuti lysergic acid diethylamide (yotchedwa LSD) nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi ma hippies, LSD ikukhala yotchuka kwambiri ndikuphunzira kwambiri. Anthu akutenga ma microdoses a LSD chifukwa cha zabwino zake: kukhala opindulitsa, kusiya kusuta, komanso kukhala ndi ma epiphanies ena apadziko lonse lapansi.

Koma LSD monga tikudziwira lero mwina sichingakhaleko popanda Albert Hofmann.

Ndipo Hofmann, wasayansi wobadwira ku Switzerland yemwe adagwira ntchito m'makampani opanga mankhwala, adazipeza mwangozi.

Zonsezi zidayamba tsiku limodzi mu 1938, pomwe Hofmann anali kung'ung'udza kuntchito ku Sandoz Laboratories ku Basel, Switzerland. Pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala, adaphatikiza zinthu zochokera ku lysergic acid ndi zinthu zochokera ku squill, mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwanthawi yayitali ndi Aigupto, Agiriki, ndi ena ambiri.

Poyamba, sanachite chilichonse ndi kusakaniza. Koma patadutsa zaka zisanu, pa Epulo 19, 1943, Hofmann anali kuyeseranso ndipo, ndikugwira mosaganizira nkhope yake ndi zala zake, mwangozi adadya ena.

Pambuyo pake, adadzimva wopanda mpumulo, wamisala, komanso woledzera pang'ono. Koma atatseka maso ake ndikuyamba kuwona zithunzi, zithunzi, ndi mitundu yowala bwino m'maganizo mwake, adazindikira kuti chisakanizo chachilendo ichi chomwe adachipanga pantchito chinali ndi kuthekera kosadabwitsa.

Chifukwa chake tsiku lotsatira, adayesanso zowonjezereka. Ndipo pomwe adakwera njinga kupita kunyumba, adayambiranso zotsatirazo: ulendo woyamba woona wa LSD.

Lero ladziwika kuti Tsiku la Bicycle (Epulo 19, 1943) chifukwa chakukula kwa LSD: Mbadwo wonse wa "ana amaluwa" adatenga LSD kuti "ikulitse malingaliro awo" pasanathe zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pake, ndipo posachedwapa, fufuzani momwe amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala.

Mwamwayi, sayansi yachokera kutali

Masiku ano, palibe chifukwa choti wofufuza wodziwa bwino ntchito - makamaka munthu watsiku ndi tsiku - kuyika matupi awo pachiwopsezo munjira zowopsazi.

Ngakhale njira yodziyesera yokha, makamaka ngati njira zothandizira kunyumba ndi zowonjezera, zitha kukhala zokopa, ndizowopsa zosafunikira. Mankhwala lero akuyesedwa mwamphamvu asanafike pamashelefu. Tili ndi mwayi wokhala ndi mwayi wofufuza kafukufuku wamankhwala omwe amatipatsa mphamvu kuti tisankhe bwino.

Ofufuzawa adapereka izi kuti odwala amtsogolo asadzachite. Chifukwa chake, njira yabwino yowathokozera ndikudziyang'anira nokha - ndikusiya mankhwala a cocaine, kusanza, ndi hookworms kwa akatswiri.

Tim Jewell ndi wolemba, mkonzi, komanso wazilankhulo ku Chino Hills, CA. Ntchito yake idawonekera m'mabuku ndi makampani ambiri azaumoyo komanso atolankhani, kuphatikiza Healthline ndi The Walt Disney Company.