Ephedra (Ma Huang): Kuchepetsa thupi, Kuwopsa, ndi Udindo Walamulo

Zamkati

• Ephedra ndi chiyani?
• Kuchulukitsa kugaya kagayidwe ndi kuchepa kwamafuta
• Amachita mogwirizana ndi caffeine
• Zotsatira zoyipa ndi chitetezo
• Udindo walamulo
• Mfundo yofunika

Anthu ambiri amafuna mapiritsi amatsenga kuti athandize mphamvu ndikulimbikitsa kuchepa thupi.

Chomera ephedra chidatchuka ngati ofuna kusankha m'ma 1990 ndipo chidakhala chinthu chodziwika bwino pazowonjezera zakudya mpaka pakati pa 2000s.

Ngakhale kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuti zitha kulimbikitsa kagayidwe kake ndi kuchepa thupi, nkhawa zachitetezo zidazindikiranso.

Nkhaniyi ikukuuzani zomwe muyenera kudziwa za zotsatira za ephedra pa kuchepa thupi, komanso zoopsa zake komanso udindo wawo mwalamulo.

Ephedra ndi chiyani?

Ephedra sinica, wotchedwanso ma huang, ndi chomera ku Asia, ngakhale chimakulira m'malo ena padziko lapansi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala achi China kwazaka zambiri (,).

Ngakhale chomeracho chimakhala ndi mankhwala angapo, zotsatira zazikulu za ephedra mwina zimayambitsidwa ndi molekyu ephedrine ().

Ephedrine imakhala ndi zovuta zambiri mthupi lanu, monga kuchuluka kwamagetsi ndi mafuta (,).

Pazifukwa izi, ephedrine yaphunziridwa kuti imatha kuchepetsa thupi komanso mafuta amthupi. M'mbuyomu, idatchuka kwambiri pakuthandizira kuwonda.

Komabe, chifukwa cha nkhawa zachitetezo, zowonjezera zomwe zili ndi mitundu inayake ya mankhwala omwe amapezeka mu ephedra - otchedwa ephedrine alkaloids - aletsedwa m'maiko angapo, kuphatikiza United States ().

Chomera ephedra (ma huang) ili ndi mankhwala angapo, koma chodziwika kwambiri ndi ephedrine. Molekyu iyi imakhudza machitidwe angapo amthupi ndipo idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu chodziwika bwino chowonjezeramo zakudya asanaletsedwe m'maiko angapo.

Kuchulukitsa kugaya kagayidwe ndi kuchepa kwamafuta

Zambiri mwa maphunziro omwe amafufuza zotsatira za ephedra pakuchepetsa thupi zidachitika pakati pa 1980s ndi 2000s koyambirira - zisanachitike zoletsa zopangira ephedrine.

Ngakhale zigawo zingapo za ephedra zimatha kukhudza thupi lanu, zotsatira zake zofunikira kwambiri mwina ndi chifukwa cha ephedrine.

Kafukufuku wambiri adawonetsa kuti ephedrine imakulitsa kupumula kwa kagayidwe kake - kuchuluka kwa zopatsa mphamvu zomwe thupi lanu limayaka popuma - zomwe zitha kukhala chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma calories omwe awotchedwa ndi minofu yanu (,).

Ephedrine imathandizanso kukulitsa kuwotcha mafuta mthupi lanu (,).

Kafukufuku wina anapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa zopatsa mphamvu zopsereza maola 24 kunali 3.6% wamkulu pamene achikulire athanzi adatenga ephedrine poyerekeza ndi pomwe adatenga placebo ().

Kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuti pamene anthu onenepa kwambiri amadya zakudya zonenepetsa kwambiri, kagayidwe kachakudya kamachepa. Komabe, izi zidalephereka pang'ono potenga ephedrine ().

Kuphatikiza pa kusintha kwakanthawi kochepa kwa kagayidwe, kafukufuku wina akuwonetsa kuti ephedrine imatha kulimbikitsa kulemera ndi kuchepa kwamafuta kwakanthawi.

M'maphunziro asanu a ephedrine poyerekeza ndi placebo, ephedrine idapangitsa kuti muchepetse makilogalamu 3 (1.3 kg) pamwezi kuposa placebo - kwa miyezi inayi (, 11).

Komabe, zambiri zazitali zokhudzana ndi phindu la ephedrine pakuchepetsa thupi zikusowa ().

Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro ambiri a ephedrine amawunika kuphatikiza kwa ephedrine ndi caffeine osati ephedrine yokha (11).

Ephedrine, gawo lalikulu la ephedra, limatha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zopatsa mphamvu zomwe thupi lanu limayaka. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti izi zimapangitsa kulemera kwakukulu ndi kuchepa kwamafuta kwa milungu ingapo mpaka miyezi, ngakhale maphunziro a nthawi yayitali ndi ochepa.

Amachita mogwirizana ndi caffeine

Kafukufuku wambiri wowunika za kuchepa kwa ephedrine aphatikizira izi ndi caffeine.

Kuphatikiza kwa ephedrine ndi caffeine kumawoneka kuti kumakhudza thupi lanu kuposa chinthu chilichonse chokha (,).

Mwachitsanzo, ephedrine kuphatikiza tiyi kapena khofi kumawonjezera mlingo kagayidwe kachakudya kuposa ephedrine yekha ().

Mu kafukufuku wina wathanzi onenepa komanso achikulire onenepa, kuphatikiza 70 mg wa caffeine ndi 24 mg wa ephedra kudakulitsanso kagayidwe kachakudya ndi 8% kupitirira maola awiri, poyerekeza ndi placebo ().

Kafukufuku wina ananenanso kuti tiyi kapena khofi ndi ephedrine aliyense payekha sanakhale ndi vuto lililonse pochepetsa thupi, pomwe kuphatikiza kwa ziwirizi kunawonjezera kunenepa ().

Kupitilira masabata a 12, kumeza kuphatikiza kwa ephedra ndi caffeine katatu patsiku kunapangitsa kutsika kwa 7.9% yamafuta amthupi poyerekeza ndi 1.9% yokha yokhala ndi placebo ().

Kafukufuku wina wa miyezi 6 mu 167 onenepa kwambiri komanso onenepa kwambiri amayerekezera chowonjezera chomwe chili ndi ephedrine ndi caffeine ku placebo panthawi yolemetsa ().

Gulu lomwe limatenga ephedrine lidataya mafuta a 9.5 (4.3 kg) poyerekeza ndi gulu la placebo, lomwe limangotaya mafuta a 5.9 kg.

Gulu la ephedrine linachepetsanso kulemera kwa thupi ndi cholesterol ya LDL (yoyipa) kuposa gulu la placebo.

Ponseponse, umboni womwe ulipo ukuwonetsa kuti zopangidwa ndi ephedrine - makamaka zikaphatikizidwa ndi caffeine - zitha kuwonjezera kunenepa komanso kuwonongeka kwamafuta.

Ephedrine kuphatikiza caffeine itha kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa kagayidwe kake ndi kuchepa kwamafuta kuposa chinthu chilichonse chokha. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuphatikiza kwa ephedrine ndi caffeine kumatulutsa kunenepa kwambiri komanso kutayika kwamafuta kuposa placebo.

Zotsatira zoyipa ndi chitetezo

Mlingo wa ephedrine womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza umasiyanasiyana, ndikumwa kosachepera 20 mg patsiku kumawoneka kotsika, 40-90 mg tsiku lililonse kumawoneka kuti ndikosavuta, ndipo kuchuluka kwa 100-150 mg patsiku kumawonedwa kukhala kokwera.

Ngakhale zotsatira zabwino pametabolism ndi kulemera kwa thupi zawoneka pamitundu ingapo, ambiri adakayikira chitetezo cha ephedrine.

Kafukufuku payekha awonetsa zotsatira zosakanikirana zokhudzana ndi chitetezo ndi zoyipa za mankhwalawa pamitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Ena sanena zoyipa zilizonse, pomwe ena amawonetsa zovuta zina zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ophunzira atenge nawo maphunziro (,,).

Malipoti ozama aphatikiza zotsatira zamaphunziro angapo kuti mumvetsetse bwino zovuta zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kumwa kwa ephedrine.

Kusanthula kumodzi kwamayesero osiyanasiyana azachipatala a 52 sikunapeze zovuta zoyipa monga imfa kapena matenda amtima m'maphunziro a ephedrine - wopanda kapena caffeine (11).

Komabe, kusanthula komweku kunapeza kuti mankhwalawa adalumikizidwa ndi chiopsezo chowirikiza kawiri kapena katatu cha mseru, kusanza, kugunda kwa mtima, komanso mavuto amisala.

Kuphatikiza apo, milandu ikayesedwa, kufa angapo, matenda amtima, ndi matenda amisala zimatha kulumikizidwa ndi ephedra (11).

Kutengera ndi umboni, nkhawa zomwe zingakhalepo pachitetezo zinali zofunikira mokwanira kuchititsa milandu ku United States ndi kwina kulikonse ().

Ngakhale kafukufuku wina sanawonetse mavuto obwera chifukwa cha ephedra kapena ephedrine, kumwa pang'ono pazovuta zinawonekeratu pakuwunika konse komwe kulipo.

Udindo walamulo

Pomwe zitsamba za ephedra ndi zinthu ngati ma huang tiyi zilipo kugula, zowonjezera zakudya munali ephedrine alkaloids si.

Chifukwa cha nkhawa, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) adaletsa zinthu zomwe zili ndi ephedrine mu 2004 (, 19).

Mankhwala ena okhala ndi ephedrine akadakalipobe pakauntala, ngakhale malamulo ogula zinthuzi atha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi boma.

Chifukwa cha kutchuka kwakukulu kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi ephedrine isanafike lamulo la FDA, anthu ena amayesabe kupeza zopukutira ndi izi.

Pachifukwachi, ena opanga zakudya zowonjezera adzagulitsa zinthu zolemetsa zomwe zimakhala ndi mankhwala ena omwe amapezeka mu ephedra, koma osati ephedrine alkaloids.

Izi sizingakhale ndi nkhawa zachitetezo zomwe zimawonedwa pazomwe zili ndi ephedrine - koma itha kukhala yothandiza kwambiri.

Ngakhale mayiko ena kunja kwa United States aletsanso mankhwala okhala ndi ephedrine, malamulowo amasiyanasiyana.

Zowonjezera pazakudya zomwe zili ndi ephedrine alkaloids zinaletsedwa ndi a FDA mu 2004. Mankhwala okhala ndi ephedrine ndi chomera cha ephedra akadalipo kuti mugulidwe, ngakhale malamulo amasiyana malinga ndi malo.

Mfundo yofunika

Chomera ephedra kale ntchito mankhwala Asia.

Ephedrine, chimodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu mu ephedra, akhoza aziyankha kagayidwe ndi chifukwa kuwonda - makamaka osakaniza tiyi kapena khofi.

Komabe, chifukwa cha nkhawa, zowonjezera zowonjezera zomwe zimakhala ndi ephedrine - koma osati mankhwala ena mu ephedra - ndizoletsedwa ku United States ndi kwina kulikonse.