Chitetezo cha mthupi: chomwe chili ndi momwe chimagwirira ntchito

Zamkati

• Maselo a chitetezo cha mthupi
• Momwe imagwirira ntchito
• Zomwe zimachitika m'thupi kapena mwachilengedwe
• Kusintha kapena kupeza mayankho amthupi
• Kodi ma antigen ndi ma antibodies ndi otani?
• Mitundu ya katemera
• Katemera wogwira
• Katemera wochepa chabe
• Momwe mungalimbikitsire chitetezo chamthupi

Chitetezo cha mthupi, kapena chitetezo chamthupi, ndi ziwalo, ziwalo ndi maselo omwe ali ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi tizilombo tomwe timalowa, potero amateteza kukula kwa matenda. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi udindo wopititsa patsogolo kuchuluka kwa chamoyo kuchokera pakuyanjana koyanjana kwamaselo ndi mamolekyulu opangidwa kutengera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Njira yabwino kwambiri yolimbikitsira chitetezo cha mthupi ndikuchiyankha bwino kuzilombo zakuukira ndikudya ndi kuchita zizolowezi zabwino. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kuti katemera achitike, makamaka ngati mwana, kuti athandize kupanga ma antibodies ndikuletsa mwana kuti asadwale matenda omwe angasokoneze kukula kwawo, monga poliyo, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti ziwalo za ana, zomwe zitha kupewedwa kudzera mu katemera wa VIP. Dziwani nthawi yoti mutenge katemera wa poliyo.

Maselo a chitetezo cha mthupi

Kuyankha kwamthupi kumatetezedwa ndi maselo omwe amathandizira kulimbana ndi matenda, ma leukocyte, omwe amalimbikitsa thanzi la thupi komanso munthu. Ma leukocyte amatha kugawidwa m'maselo a polymorphonuclear ndi mononuclear, gulu lirilonse liri ndi mitundu ina yamaselo achitetezo mthupi lomwe limagwira ntchito mosiyana ndikuthandizana. Maselo a chitetezo cha mthupi ndi awa:

• Ma lymphocyte, omwe ndi maselo omwe nthawi zambiri amasinthidwa mukamalandira matenda, chifukwa amatsimikizira kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chimakhala chotani. Pali mitundu itatu ya ma lymphocyte, B, T ndi Wakupha Wachilengedwe (NK), yomwe imagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana;
• Ma monocyte, kuti akuyenda kwakanthawi m'magazi komanso atha kusiyanitsidwa ndi ma macrophages, omwe ndiofunika kuthana ndi chida champhamvu cha chamoyo;
• Ma Neutrophils, yomwe imayenda mozungulira kwambiri ndipo ndiyo yoyamba kuzindikira ndikuchita motsutsana ndi matendawa;
• Zojambula, omwe nthawi zambiri amayenda pang'ono m'magazi, koma amakhala ndi ndende zambiri panthawi yomwe thupi lawo siligwirizana kapena ngati atenga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, bakiteriya kapena fungal matenda;
• Basophils, yomwe imafalikiranso m'malo ochepa, koma imatha kuchuluka chifukwa cha chifuwa kapena kutupa kwanthawi yayitali.

Kuyambira pomwe thupi lachilendo ndi / kapena wothandizira opatsirana amalowa mthupi, maselo amthupi amatetezedwa ndikugwira ntchito mogwirizana kuti athe kulimbana ndi omwe akukhumudwitsayo. Dziwani zambiri za leukocyte.

Momwe imagwirira ntchito

Chitetezo cha mthupi chimagwira ntchito yoteteza thupi kumatenda amtundu uliwonse. Chifukwa chake, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tikalowa m'thupi, chitetezo cha mthupi chimatha kuzindikira kachilomboka ndikuthandizira njira zodzitetezera polimbana ndi matenda.

Chitetezo cha mthupi chimapangidwa ndi mitundu iwiri yayikulu yankho: chitetezo chamatenda am'thupi, chomwe ndi chitetezo choyambirira cha thupi, komanso chitetezo chamthupi chokhazikika, chomwe chimafotokozeredwa kwambiri ndipo chimayambitsidwa pomwe yankho loyamba siligwira ntchito kapena silokwanira .

Zomwe zimachitika m'thupi kapena mwachilengedwe

Mayeso achilengedwe kapena obadwira m'thupi ndiye njira yoyamba yachitetezo, popeza idakhalapo mwa anthu kuyambira pomwe adabadwa. Tizilombo tokha titafika m'thupi, njira iyi yodzitchinjiriza imalimbikitsidwa, yodziwika ndi liwiro lake komanso kulunjika kwake pang'ono.

Chitetezo chamtunduwu chimakhala ndi:

• Zopinga zathupi, omwe ndi khungu, tsitsi ndi ntchofu, kukhala ndi udindo wopewa kapena kuchedwetsa kulowa kwa matupi akunja mthupi;
• Zopinga za thupi, monga acidity ya m'mimba, kutentha kwa thupi ndi ma cytokines, omwe amalepheretsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kukula mthupi, kuphatikiza pakukulitsa kuwonongeka kwake;
• Zopinga ma, Omwe amakhala ndi maselo omwe amawoneka ngati njira yoyamba yodzitetezera, omwe ndi ma neutrophil, ma macrophages ndi ma lymphocyte a NK, omwe amachititsa kuti tizilomboto tizitha kuwonongeka.

Chifukwa chokwanira cha chitetezo chamthupi, matenda samachitika nthawi zonse, ndipo tizilombo timachotsedwa msanga. Komabe, pamene chitetezo chachilengedwe sichikwanira kulimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, chitetezo chokwanira chimalimbikitsidwa.

Kusintha kapena kupeza mayankho amthupi

Chitetezo chopezeka kapena chosinthika, ngakhale ndichinthu chachiwiri choteteza thupi, ndichofunika kwambiri, chifukwa ndi kudzera momwe ma cell okumbukirako amapangidwira, kuteteza matenda ndi tizilombo timeneti kuti asachitike kapena, ngati atero, amakhala olimba.

Kuphatikiza pakupanga maselo okumbukira, mphamvu yoteteza mthupi, ngakhale imatenga nthawi yayitali, ndiyotsimikizika, chifukwa imatha kuzindikira mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse wa tizilombo, motero, imabweretsa chitetezo chamthupi.

Chitetezo chamtunduwu chimayambitsidwa chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi othandizira opatsirana ndipo chimakhala ndi mitundu iwiri:

• Chitetezo chamthupi, Yoyankha yolumikizidwa ndi ma antibodies opangidwa ndi ma lymphocyte amtundu wa B;
• Chitetezo chamtundu, omwe amayankha mthupi mwa T-mtundu ma lymphocyte, omwe amalimbikitsa kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo kapena kufa kwa maselo omwe ali ndi kachilomboka, popeza chitetezo chamtunduwu chimapangidwa pomwe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhala ndi chitetezo chobadwa nacho komanso choseketsa, kukhala chosafikirika ndi ma antibodies. Dziwani zambiri za ma lymphocyte.

Kuphatikiza pa chitetezo champhamvu komanso chitetezo chamagulu, mayankho amtundu wa chitetezo cha mthupi amathanso kuwerengedwa kuti ndiwothandiza, akapezedwa kudzera mu katemera, mwachitsanzo, kapena kungokhala chete, akamachokera kwa munthu wina, monga kudzera mukuyamwitsa, momwe ma antibodies amatha kupatsira kuchokera kwa mayi kwa khanda.

Kodi ma antigen ndi ma antibodies ndi otani?

Kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chiyankhe, ma antigen ndi ma antibodies amafunikira. Ma antigen ndi zinthu zomwe zimatha kuyambitsa chitetezo cha mthupi, kukhala zachindunji pachilombo chilichonse, ndipo zimamangiriza ku lymphocyte kapena antibody kuti apange chitetezo chamthupi, chomwe chimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo, motero, kutha kwa matenda.

Ma antibodies ndi mapuloteni owoneka ngati Y omwe amateteza thupi kumatenda, opangidwa kutengera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ma antibodies, omwe amatchedwanso ma immunoglobulins, atha kupezeka mwa kuyamwitsa, zomwe zimachitikira IgA, ngakhale atakhala ndi pakati, ngati IgG, kapena imapangidwa kuti igwirizane ndi zomwe zimachitika, ngati IgE.

Poyankha matenda, IgM ndiye antibody woyamba kupangidwa.Matendawa akamakhazikika, thupi limayamba kupanga IgG yomwe, kuphatikiza pakulimbana ndi matenda, imakhalabe ikuzungulira, kuwonedwa kuti ndi yoteteza kukumbukira. Dziwani zambiri za IgG ndi IgM.

Mitundu ya katemera

Katemera amafanana ndi momwe thupi limathandizira kuteteza chitetezo ku tizilombo tina, tomwe tingapezeke mwachilengedwe kapena mwanzeru, monga katemera, mwachitsanzo.

Katemera wogwira

Katemera wogwira ntchito amapezedwa kudzera mu katemera kapena chifukwa cholumikizana ndi wothandizila wa matenda enaake, oteteza chitetezo chamthupi ndikuwapangitsa kuti apange ma antibodies.

Katemera wogwira ntchito amatha kupanga kukumbukira, ndiye kuti thupi likakumananso ndi wothandizirayo yemwe amayambitsa matenda ena, thupi limazindikira ndikulimbana ndi wothandizirayo, kumulepheretsa munthuyo kudwala matendawa kapena kukhala nawo kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, mayankho amtunduwu amakhala okhalitsa, komabe zimatenga nthawi kuti akhazikike, ndiye kuti, atangomva wothandizirayo, sipangakhale kuyankha kwakanthawi koyenera kwamthupi. Chitetezo cha mthupi chimatenga nthawi kukonzanso ndikudziwitsa izi.

Kuwonetsedwa kwachilengedwe kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi njira yopezera katemera wogwira ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kupeza katemera wokhazikika, kudzera mu katemera, motero kupewa matenda amtsogolo. Katemera, munthuyo amapatsidwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena ntchito yake imachepetsedwa kuti apangitse chitetezo cha mthupi kuzindikira tizilomboto ndikupanga chitetezo chokwanira. Onani kuti katemera wamkulu ndi ndani komanso nthawi yoyenera kumwa.

Katemera wochepa chabe

Katemera wodwala amachitika munthu atapeza ma antibodies opangidwa ndi munthu wina kapena nyama. Katemera wamtunduwu nthawi zambiri amapezekanso mwachilengedwe kudzera pama immunoglobulins, makamaka amtundu wa IgG (antibody), kudzera mu placenta, ndiye kuti, kudzera mwa mayi kupita kwa mwana.

Katemera wothandiziranso amathanso kupezeka mwachinyengo, kudzera mu jakisoni wa ma antibodies ochokera kwa anthu ena kapena nyama, monga momwe zimakhalira ndikalumidwa ndi njoka, mwachitsanzo, momwe seramu yochokera mu njoka ya njoka imachotsedwera ndikupatsidwa mwachindunji kwa munthuyo. Phunzirani za thandizo loyamba la kulumidwa ndi njoka.

Katemera wamtunduwu amachititsa kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chitetezeke mwachangu, koma sichikhazikika monga momwe zimakhalira ndi katemera wokhazikika.

Momwe mungalimbikitsire chitetezo chamthupi

Pofuna kukonza chitetezo cha mthupi, ndikofunikira kutsatira njira zabwino zamoyo, monga kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi zonse komanso kudya zakudya zopatsa thanzi, ndi zakudya zokhala ndi vitamini C, selenium ndi zinc. Onani zakudya zomwe zingalimbikitse chitetezo cha mthupi.

Onani malangizo ena othandizira kuteteza chitetezo cha mthupi: