Ma Microwaves: Mafunso Anu Ayankhidwa

Zamkati

• Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani chakudya chikaphikidwa mu microwave?
• Kodi ndi kusintha kotani kwa maselo, ngati kulipo, komwe kumachitika ndikudya ndikamayendedwe ka microwave?
• Ndi kusintha kotani kwa zakudya, ngati kulipo, komwe kumachitika ndi chakudya mukamayendetsa ma microwave?
• Kodi zotsatira zoyipa za chakudya chama microwave ndi ziti?
• Akuti zomera zopatsidwa madzi a microwave sizikula. Kodi izi ndi zomveka?
• Kodi pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa chakudya chophikidwa ndi mbaula kapena uvuni ndi chakudya chophikidwa ndi microwave?

M'zaka za m'ma 1940, Percy Spencer ku Raytheon anali kuyesa magnetron - chida chomwe chimapanga ma microwaves - atazindikira kuti switi m'thumba mwake yasungunuka.

Kupeza mwangozi kumeneku kumamupangitsa kuti apange zomwe tikudziwa tsopano kuti uvuni wama microwave wamakono. Kwa zaka zambiri, chipangizochi chinali chinthu china chomwe chimapangitsa ntchito zapakhomo kukhala zosavuta.

Komabe mafunso okhudzana ndi chitetezo cha uvuni wama microwave amakhalabe. Kodi ma radiation omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pama uvuni amenewa ndi otetezeka kwa anthu? Kodi cheza chomwecho chikuwononga michere ya chakudya chathu? Nanga bwanji za kuti Kafukufuku wopangidwa pazomera zodyetsedwa ndi madzi otentha ndi ma microwave (zambiri pambuyo pake)?

Kuti tiyankhe ena mwa mafunso odziwika bwino (komanso osinkhasinkha) ozungulira ma microwaves, tidafunsa malingaliro a akatswiri atatu azachipatala: Natalie Olsen, RD, LD, ACSM EP-C, katswiri wodziwika bwino wazakudya ndi zolimbitsa thupi; Natalie Butler, RD, LD, katswiri wazakudya; ndi Karen Gill, MD, dokotala wa ana.

Izi ndi zomwe amayenera kunena.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani chakudya chikaphikidwa mu microwave?

Natalie Olsen: Ma microwaves ndi njira yopangira ma radiation yamagetsi yamagetsi ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito kutentha chakudya mwachangu. Amapangitsa ma molekyulu kunjenjemera ndikupanga kutentha kwamphamvu (kutentha).

Malinga ndi a FDA, cheza chamtunduwu sichikhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira kugwetsa ma elekitironi atomu. Izi ndizosiyana ndi ma radiation, omwe amatha kusintha ma atomu ndi mamolekyulu ndikuwononga ma cell.

Natalie Butler: Mafunde a radiation yamagetsi, kapena ma microwaves, amaperekedwa ndi chubu lamagetsi lotchedwa magnetron. Mafundewa amalowetsedwa ndimamolekyu amadzi pachakudya, ndikupangitsa [mamolekyuluwo] kunjenjemera mwachangu, ndikupangitsa chakudya kutenthedwa.

Karen Gill: Mauvuni a microwave amagwiritsa ntchito mafunde amagetsi amtundu wautali komanso pafupipafupi kutentha ndi kuphika chakudya. Mafundewa amayang'ana zinthu zinazake, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo kutulutsa kutentha, ndipo makamaka madzi omwe ali mchakudya chanu akutenthedwa.

Kodi ndi kusintha kotani kwa maselo, ngati kulipo, komwe kumachitika ndikudya ndikamayendedwe ka microwave?

Ayi: Kusintha kochepa kwambiri kwama molekyulu kumachitika ndi microwaving, chifukwa cha mafunde ochepa omwe amaperekedwa. Popeza amawerengedwa ngati mafunde osasunthika, kusintha kwamankhwala m'ma molekyulu azakudya sikuchitika.

Chakudya chikatenthedwa mu microwave, mphamvu imalowetsedwa mchakudyacho, ndikupangitsa ayoni omwe ali mchakudyacho kuti asungunuke ndikusinthasintha [kuchititsa] kugundana pang'ono. Izi ndizomwe zimayambitsa mkangano motero kutentha. Chifukwa chake, kusintha kokha kwamankhwala kapena kwakuthupi kuchakudya ndikuti tsopano kwatenthedwa.

Chidziwitso: Mamolekyu amadzi omwe ali pachakudya chokhala ndi ma microwave amanjenjemera kwambiri pamene amalowetsa mafunde amagetsi a magetsi. Chakudya chophika ndi chophika chaching'ono chimawotcha mphira, chouma chifukwa chakuyenda mwachangu komanso kutulutsa madzi mamolekyulu mwachangu.

KG: Ma microwaves amachititsa kuti mamolekyulu amadzi aziyenda mwachangu ndikupangitsa kusamvana pakati pawo - izi zimapangitsa kutentha. Mamolekyu amadzi amasintha polarity, yotchedwa "kutembenuka," poyankha gawo lamagetsi lamagetsi lopangidwa ndi ma microwave. Ma microwave akazimitsidwa, mphamvu yamagetsi imatha ndipo mamolekyulu amadzi amasiya kusintha polarity.

Ndi kusintha kotani kwa zakudya, ngati kulipo, komwe kumachitika ndi chakudya mukamayendetsa ma microwave?

Ayi: Zikatenthedwa, zakudya zina m'zakudya zimawonongeka, ngakhale zitaphikidwa mu microwave, pachitofu, kapena mu uvuni. Izi zati, Harvard Health idati chakudya chomwe chimaphikidwa kwakanthawi kochepa, ndipo chimagwiritsa ntchito madzi ochepa momwe zingathere, chimasunga bwino michere. Ma microwave amatha kuchita izi, popeza ndi njira yofulumira kuphikira.

Kafukufuku wina wa 2009 yemwe adayerekezera kuwonongeka kwa michere kuchokera munjira zosiyanasiyana zophika adapeza kuti kugaya, kuphika ma microwave, ndi kuphika [ndi njira zomwe] kumabweretsa kutayika kotsika kwambiri kwa michere ndi ma antioxidants.

Chidziwitso: Madzi omwe ali mkati mwa chakudya chama microwaved amachepetsedwa chifukwa amatentha kwambiri. Mukaphika kapena kuphika mu microwave, kapangidwe ka chakudya kangakhale kosafunikira. Mapuloteni amatha kukhala ngati mphira, mawonekedwe a crispy amafewa, ndipo zakudya zonyowa zimauma.

Momwemonso, vitamini C ndi vitamini wosungunuka wosungunuka ndi madzi ndipo sachedwa kuwonongeka chifukwa chophika ma microwave kuposa kuphika kwa convection. Komabe, ngakhale kuphika kwa ma microwave kumatha kuchepetsa antioxidant (mavitamini ndi phytonutrient wa mbewu zina), amatha kusunga michere ina mmalo omwewo kuposa njira zina zophikira, monga kukazinga kapena kuwotcha.

Kusungunula ma microwave, kumathandizanso kuti mabakiteriya azikhala ndi chakudya, chomwe chitha kukhala njira yothandiza yoperekera zakudya m'masamba ndi poteteza chakudya. Mwachitsanzo, kabichi yofiira yama microwave ndiyabwino kuposa kuwotchera poteteza koma koipitsitsa poyesera kusunga vitamini C.

Kusungunuka bwino kwa microwave kumateteza quercetin, flavonoid mu kolifulawa, koma ndikoipa kwambiri poteteza kaempferol, flavonoid yosiyana, poyerekeza ndi kutentha.

Kuphatikiza apo, microwaving adyo wophwanyidwa kwa masekondi 60 amaletsa kwambiri zomwe zili ndi allicin, mankhwala opatsa mphamvu khansa. Zapezeka kuti, ngati mupumula adyo kwa mphindi 10 mutaphwanya, allicin ambiri amatetezedwa panthawi yophika ma microwave.

KG: Njira zonse zophikira zakudya zimayambitsa kutayika kwa michere chifukwa cha kutentha. Chakudya cha microwave ndichabwino kusunga michere chifukwa simuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito madzi owonjezera (monga owiritsa) komanso ophika anu chakudya kwakanthawi kochepa.

Zamasamba ndizoyenera makamaka kuphika mayikirowevu, chifukwa zili ndi madzi ambiri, motero, zimaphika mwachangu, osasowa madzi owonjezera. Izi ndizofanana ndikuwotcha, koma mwachangu.

Kodi zotsatira zoyipa za chakudya chama microwave ndi ziti?

Ayi: Scientific American inafotokoza kuchokera kwa Anuradha Prakash, pulofesa wothandizira mu department of Food Science and Nutrition ku Chapman University, yemwe adati palibe umboni wokwanira wotsimikizira kuti thanzi la munthu limasokonekera chifukwa cha microwave.

Anatinso, "monga momwe tikudziwira, ma microwave samangowononga chakudya." Mwanjira ina, kupatula pakusintha kutentha kwa chakudya, palibe zomwe zingachitike.

Chidziwitso: Makontena azakudya za pulasitiki omwe ali ndi ma microwave atha kulowetsa mankhwala oopsa mchakudyacho ndipo ayenera kupewa - gwiritsani ntchito galasi m'malo mwake. Kutulutsa kwa ma radiation kumathanso kupezeka pama microwave osapangidwa bwino, olakwika, kapena akale, chifukwa chake onetsetsani kuti muyime mainchesi sikisi kuchokera pa microwave mukamaphika.

KG: Palibe zotsatira zazifupi kapena zazitali kuchokera kuzakudya zopewera ma microwave. Chiwopsezo chachikulu chomwe chimakhala ndi zakumwa zazing'onozing'ono kapena zakudya zokhala ndi madzi ambiri ndikuti amatha kutentha mosagwirizana kapena kutentha kwambiri.

Nthawi zonse yesani zakudya ndi zakumwa mukazisungunula komanso musanayang'ane kutentha. Komanso, sankhani zotetezera ndi kuphika.

Akuti zomera zopatsidwa madzi a microwave sizikula. Kodi izi ndi zomveka?

Ayi: Kafukufuku wotsitsimutsa. Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti zimakhudza zomera mosagwiritsa ntchito madzi a microwave. Zawonetsedwa kuti radiation pama zomera imatha kukhudza mawonekedwe awo ndi moyo. Izi, komabe, zimawoneka makamaka ndi ma radiation (kapena mphamvu yayikulu ya mphamvu) [osati] ndi ma radiation omwe amatulutsidwa ndi ma microwaves (nonionizing, low energy).

Chidziwitso: Pulojekiti yoyambira yasayansi yomwe idasanthula momwe madzi a microwave amathandizira pazomera idayambiranso ku 2008. Mpaka pano, madzi a microwaved akadakayikirabe.

Madzi a microwaved awonetsedwa m'maphunziro ena kuti athandizenso kukula kwa mbewu ndikumera, monga nyemba za chickpea, pomwe zimakhudza mbeu zina, mwina chifukwa cha kusintha kwa pH, mchere, komanso kuyenda kwa ma molekyulu amadzi.

Kafukufuku wina akuwonetsanso zotsatira zotsutsana pazomera za chlorophyll: Zomera zina zatsika utoto ndi zotengera za chlorophyll zikamwentchera ndi madzi a microwaved, pomwe zina zowululidwa zawonjezera zomwe zili ndi chlorophyll. Zikuwoneka kuti mbewu zina zimazindikira ma radiation ya microwave kuposa ena.

KG: Ayi, izi sizolondola. Nthanoyi yakhala ikuzungulira kwa zaka zambiri ndipo ikuwoneka kuti ikuchokera pakuyesa kwa mwana kwa sayansi. Madzi otenthedwa ndi microwave kenako atakhazikika ndi ofanana ndi madziwo asanawotche.Palibe kusintha kosatha kwamapangidwe amadzi akamatenthedwa mu microwave.

Kodi pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa chakudya chophikidwa ndi mbaula kapena uvuni ndi chakudya chophikidwa ndi microwave?

Ayi: Ovuni yama microwave imatha kuphika bwino popeza mukutenthetsa chakudya kuchokera mkati, osati kunja, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mbaula kapena uvuni. Chifukwa chake, kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa chakudya chophikidwa pachitofu kapena uvuni motsutsana ndi microwave ndi nthawi yophika.

Malinga ndi World Health Organisation (WHO), chakudya chophikidwa mu uvuni wa microwave chimakhala chotetezeka komanso chimakhala ndi michere yofananira monga chakudya chophikidwa pachitofu.

Chidziwitso: Inde, kusiyana kwa chakudya chophikidwa mu microwave motsutsana ndi njira zina kumatha kuyezedwa ndi utoto wamtundu, kapangidwe kake, chinyezi chake, ndi polyphenol kapena mavitamini.

KG: Mwambiri, ayi, palibe. Mtundu wa chakudya chomwe mukuphika, kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe mwaphika, komanso chidebe chomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito chimatha kukhudza nthawi yophika komanso kuchuluka kwa michere yomwe yatayika mukaphika.

Chakudya chama microwaved nthawi zambiri chimakhala chopatsa thanzi chifukwa chophika pafupipafupi komanso kusowa kwamafuta owonjezera, mafuta, kapena madzi ofunikira kuphika.

Natalie Olsen ndi katswiri wazakudya zamankhwala wololeza komanso masewera olimbitsa thupi wodziwa bwino za matenda ndi kupewa. Amayang'ana kwambiri pakugwirizanitsa malingaliro ndi thupi ndi njira yonse yazakudya. Ali ndi madigiri awiri a Bachelor mu Health and Wellness Management komanso mu Dietetics, ndipo ndi katswiri wazolimbitsa thupi wotsimikizika wa ACSM. Natalie amagwira ntchito ku Apple ngati katswiri wazakudya, ndipo amafunsira malo azachipatala otchedwa Alive + Well, komanso kudzera mu bizinesi yake ku Austin, Texas. Natalie adasankhidwa kukhala pakati pa "Nutritionists Opambana ku Austin" ndi Austin Fit Magazine. Amakonda kukhala panja, nyengo yofunda, kuyesa maphikidwe atsopano ndi malo odyera, komanso kuyenda.

Natalie Butler, RDN, LD, ndi wokonda kudya komanso wokonda kuthandiza anthu kupeza mphamvu yakudya, chakudya chenicheni ndikugogomezera zakudya zolemera. Anamaliza maphunziro awo ku University of Stephen F. Austin State kum'mawa kwa Texas ndipo amadziwika kwambiri popewa matenda ndi kuwongolera matenda komanso zakudya zopewera komanso thanzi lazachilengedwe. Ndi katswiri wazakudya pamakampani a Apple, Inc., ku Austin, Texas, komanso amayang'anira zochitika zake payekha, Nutritionbynatalie.com. Malo ake osangalala ndi khitchini yake, dimba lake, komanso panja, ndipo amakonda kuphunzitsa ana ake awiri kuphika, kulima, kukhala achangu, ndikukhala ndi moyo wathanzi.

Dr. Karen Gill ndi dokotala wa ana. Anamaliza maphunziro awo ku University of Southern California. Katswiri wake amaphatikizapo kuyamwitsa, kupatsa thanzi, kupewa kunenepa kwambiri, komanso kugona ndi machitidwe aubwana. Adatumikira monga wapampando wa department of Pediatrics ku Woodland Memorial Hospital. Anali mlangizi wa zamankhwala ku University of California, Davis, akuphunzitsa ophunzira pulogalamu yothandizira madotolo. Tsopano akuchita ku Mission Neighborhood Health Center, akutumikira nzika za Latino mdera la Mission ku San Francisco.