Mlembi: Peter Berry
Tsiku La Chilengedwe: 20 Kulayi 2021
Sinthani Tsiku: 16 Novembala 2024
Anonim
Nchiyani Chimayambitsa Kupweteka Pansi pa Nthiti Zanga M'mimba Yakumanzere Yakumtunda? - Thanzi
Nchiyani Chimayambitsa Kupweteka Pansi pa Nthiti Zanga M'mimba Yakumanzere Yakumtunda? - Thanzi

Zamkati

Timaphatikizapo zinthu zomwe timaganiza kuti ndizothandiza kwa owerenga athu. Ngati mutagula maulalo omwe ali patsamba lino, titha kupeza ndalama zochepa. Nayi njira yathu.

Zowawa m'mimba mwanu chakumanzere pansi pa nthiti zanu zimatha kukhala ndi zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Izi ndichifukwa choti pali ziwalo zingapo zofunika m'derali, kuphatikiza:

  • ndulu
  • impso
  • kapamba
  • m'mimba
  • m'matumbo
  • mapapo

Ngakhale mtima suli pamimba yakumanzere yakumanzere, imatha kutanthauza zowawa m'deralo.

Zina mwazomwe zimayambitsa kupweteka kumtunda kwakumanzere kumanzere zitha kuchiritsidwa kunyumba, koma zina zitha kupha moyo. Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kulumikizana ndi dokotala ngati kupweteka kwanu sikungafotokozeredwe, kulimbikira, kapena kuvuta - ngakhale simukuwona kuti ndikofunika.

Pemphani kuti mupeze zomwe zingayambitse matenda amtunduwu, komanso zomwe muyenera kuchita.

Zomwe zimawopseza moyo

Matenda amtima

Ngati mukuganiza kuti mwina muli ndi vuto la mtima kapena vuto lina lachipatala, itanani 911 kapena nambala yanu yadzidzidzi nthawi yomweyo.


Chimodzi mwazizindikiro zodziwika bwino za matenda a mtima ndikukhwimitsa, kupweteka, kupweteka, kupanikizika, kapena kufinya pachifuwa kapena m'manja. Izi zikhoza kufalikira ku nsagwada, kumbuyo, kapena khosi.

Zizindikiro zina zofala za matenda a mtima ndizo:

  • kutopa
  • chizungulire mwadzidzidzi
  • nseru, kudzimbidwa, kutentha pa chifuwa, kapena kupweteka m'mimba
  • kupuma movutikira
  • thukuta lozizira

Mutha kukhala ndi zonse kapena chimodzi kapena ziwiri mwazizindikirozi, koma ngati mungakumane ndi zina mwazi ndikuganiza kuti mwina mukudwala matenda a mtima, itanani 911 kapena nambala yanu yazadzidzidzi mwachangu.

Kuchiza matenda a mtima

Matenda a mtima ayenera kuthandizidwa kuchipatala. Njira zochiritsira zimaphatikizapo mankhwala ndi opaleshoni, monga:

  • oonda magazi
  • aspirin
  • mankhwala opweteka
  • mankhwala
  • angiotensin otembenuza enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
  • otchinga beta
  • stent yokhazikika
  • opaleshoni yodutsa mtima

Angina

Angina ndichinthu china chokhudzana ndi mtima chomwe chitha kupweteketsa m'derali. Angina imachitika pamene magazi omwe amapita kumtima wanu alibe oxygen yokwanira. Izi zitha kuyambitsa kumangika kapena kupweteka pachifuwa, nsagwada, kumbuyo, mapewa, ndi mikono.


Zizindikiro zina ndizo:

  • kupuma movutikira
  • chizungulire
  • nseru
  • kutopa
  • thukuta

Angina si matenda amtima. M'malo mwake, ndichizindikiro cha vuto la mtima lomwe silikudziwika monga matenda amtima kapena coronary microvascular disease.

Kuchiza angina

Njira zothandizira angina zimadalira chomwe chimayambitsa. Njira zochiritsira ndi izi:

  • mankhwala monga opopera magazi ndi beta-blockers
  • kusintha kwa moyo kuti muchepetse matenda ena amtima
  • njira zopangira opaleshoni monga ma stents kapena opaleshoni yodutsa

Matenda a m'mapapo

Pericarditis imayambitsidwa ndi kutupa kwa nembanemba mozungulira mtima wanu. Nembanemba, amenenso amakwiya, amatchedwa pericardium.

Pali mitundu inayi ya pericarditis. Mtunduwo umatsimikiziridwa ndi kutalika kwa zizindikirazo. Mitundu inayi ndi iyi:

  • Chovuta: Zizindikiro zimakhala zosakwana masabata atatu.
  • Zosatha: Zizindikiro ndizopitilira ndipo zimatha milungu 4 mpaka 6.
  • Zobwereza: Zizindikiro zimabweranso 4 mpaka 6 masabata pambuyo pake osazindikiranso zomwe zidachitika.
  • Matenda: Zizindikiro zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuposa miyezi itatu.

Zizindikiro zimasiyanasiyana pang'ono pamtundu uliwonse, ndipo zimatha kuphatikiza:


  • kupweteka kwakatikati kapena kumanzere kwa chifuwa chanu komwe kumatha kukulirakulira mukamatulutsa mpweya
  • kumva kukhala wodwala, wotopa, kapena wofooka
  • chifuwa
  • kutupa kwachilendo pamimba kapena mwendo wanu
  • kupuma movutikira mutagona kapena kutsamira
  • kugunda kwa mtima
  • malungo pang'ono

Kuchiza matenda a pericarditis

Chithandizo chimadalira mtundu, chifukwa, komanso kuuma kwake. Zosankha ndizo:

  • mankhwala, monga aspirin, corticosteroids, ndi colchicine
  • maantibayotiki, ngati amayamba chifukwa cha matenda
  • pericardiocentesis, opaleshoni yomwe imatulutsa madzi ochulukirapo kuchokera ku pericardium (nthawi zambiri imangokhala vuto lotchedwa mtima tamponade)
  • pericardiectomy, njira yochitira opaleshoni ya pericarditis yovuta yomwe pericardium yolimba imachotsedwa

Zomwe zimayambitsa kugaya

Mpweya wotsekedwa

Gasi wokhathamira umachitika gasi ikamachedwa kapena ikulephera kuyenda m'mimba. Zitha kuyambitsidwa ndi zakudya kapena vuto lakugaya m'mimba. Zizindikiro za gasi wotsekedwa ndi awa:

  • zopweteka zopweteka
  • kumverera kwa mfundo m'mimba mwanu
  • kudutsa mpweya
  • Kutupa m'mimba

Kuthetsa mpweya wotsekedwa

Gasi ndi gawo labwino la chimbudzi, koma chimatha kuyambitsa mavuto. Gasi wotsekedwa amatha kuthandizidwa ndi:

  • kusintha zakudya zanu
  • kuchepetsa kapena kuchotsa zakudya zomwe zingayambitse mpweya, monga:
    • zakudya zokhala ndi fiber
    • mkaka
    • zakudya zokazinga
    • zakumwa za kaboni
  • kusintha kadyedwe kanu mwa kudya pang'ono pang'ono ndikudya pang'ono
  • kusiya chingamu kapena kugwiritsa ntchito udzu
  • kumwa mankhwala owonjezera pa-counter (OTC) monga Beano, GasX, kapena Mylanta

Ngati mukumva mpweya wotsekedwa nthawi yayitali, ndibwino kuti mufufuze ndi dokotala kuti muwone ngati chikuyambitsidwa ndi vuto lakugaya chakudya.

Kudzimbidwa

Kudzimbidwa kumachitika mukakhala ndi matumbo osachepera atatu pa sabata kapena muli ndi mipando yovuta komanso yovuta kudutsa.

Kudzimbidwa ndi chifukwa cha ululu m'mimba mwa ana. Zizindikiro za kudzimbidwa ndizo:

  • mipando yolimba
  • kuyesetsa kudutsa chopondapo
  • kumverera kosakhoza kutulutsa matumbo
  • kumva kutsekeka koteteza kuyamwa
  • ofuna kukanikiza pamimba kuti adutse mipando

Kuchiza kudzimbidwa

Njira zochiritsira kudzimbidwa zingaphatikizepo:

  • kupanga kusintha kwa moyo wanu monga kuonetsetsa kuti mumachita masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi zonse
  • osazengereza mukakhala ndi chilakolako chofuna kuyenda m'matumbo
  • kudya michere yambiri mu zakudya ndi zowonjezera
  • kutenga OTC ndi mankhwala akuchipatala monga mankhwala ofewetsa tuvi tolimba
  • kupeza chithandizo cholimbitsa ndi kumasula minofu yanu ya m'chiuno

Kwa anthu ena omwe ali ndi vuto lodzimbidwa kosalekeza, opaleshoni imafunikanso.

Kutentha pa chifuwa

Chiwombankhanga ndi chizolowezi chomwe chimapweteka pang'ono mpaka kupweteka pachifuwa. Akuyerekeza kuti anthu aku America opitilira 60 miliyoni amamva kutentha kwa mtima kamodzi pamwezi. Kutentha pa chifuwa nthawi zambiri kumachitika mukatha kudya.

Izi zimachitika pomwe asidi amabweranso m'mimba ndikum'mero. Izi zimayambitsa kutentha komanso kusapeza bwino pachifuwa. Zowawa zimatha kumva kupweteka kapena kuwotcha, kapena kuyambitsa kumangika.

Anthu ena amathanso kunena kuti kutentha pamtima ndiwotentha komwe kumayenderera m'khosi ndi pakhosi, kapena ngati kusapeza komwe kumakhala kuseri kwa chifuwa.

Kuchiza kutentha pa chifuwa

Kutengera zomwe zimayambitsa ndi njira yanu yothandizira, kutentha pa chifuwa kumatha kupitilira maola awiri kapena kupitilira apo. Mutha kuthana ndi chifuwa chanu ndi:

  • kuonda
  • kusiya kusuta
  • kudya zakudya zamafuta zochepa
  • kupewa zakudya zokometsera kapena acidic

Chiwombankhanga chofatsa, chosowa kangapo, chitha kuthandizidwanso ndi mankhwala ngati maantacid. Gulani ma antacids tsopano.

Komabe, ngati mukumwa ma antiacids kangapo kapena kupitilira apo pamlungu, dokotala akuyenera kukuyesani. Kutentha kwapakhosi kumatha kukhala chizindikiro cha vuto lalikulu monga acid reflux kapena GERD.

Matenda a reflux a gastroesophageal (GERD)

Matenda a reflux a Gastroesophageal (GERD), omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa acid reflux, ndimavuto omwe amapezeka mukamakhumudwa kangapo sabata iliyonse. Zizindikiro za GERD zitha kuphatikizaponso:

  • kubwezeretsanso asidi
  • ukali
  • kupweteka pachifuwa
  • kukhazikika pakhosi
  • chifuwa
  • kununkha m'kamwa
  • vuto kumeza

Kuchiza GERD

Njira zamankhwala zothandizira GERD zimasiyana kutengera kukula kwa zizindikilo zanu. Amaphatikizaponso kusintha kosintha kwa moyo wawo komanso mankhwala.

Zosintha m'moyo zomwe zingathandize kuthetsa GERD ndizo:

  • kuonda
  • kusiya kusuta
  • kuchepetsa kumwa mowa
  • kukweza mutu wanu mutagona
  • kudya zakudya zochepa
  • osagona pakadutsa maola atatu mutadya

Mankhwala a GERD ndi awa:

  • antacids
  • Olandira H2
  • proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
  • prokinetics

Pazovuta kwambiri, pomwe mankhwala ndi kusintha kwa moyo sizigwira ntchito, kapena zovuta zikachitika, dokotala wanu amathanso kukulimbikitsani kuchitidwa opaleshoni.

Matenda owopsa am'mimba (IBS)

Matenda owopsa a m'mimba (IBS) ndi matenda okhalitsa okhudzana ndi matumbo omwe amapezeka limodzi. Zizindikirozi zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana komanso kutalika kwa munthu ndi munthu. Zizindikiro zake ndi izi:

  • kupweteka m'mimba kapena kupweteka, nthawi zambiri ndikutsekula m'mimba kapena kudzimbidwa
  • chimbudzi chokhala ndi ntchofu yoyera
  • Kutupa kapena gasi
  • kulephera kumaliza matumbo kapena kumva ngati kuti sungamalize

Kuchiza IBS

Palibe mankhwala a IBS. Chithandizochi chimapangidwa ndi kupumula kwa chizindikiritso komanso kusamalira chikhalidwe. Izi zingaphatikizepo:

  • kuwonjezera kudya kwa fiber
  • kutsatira zakudya zopanda thanzi
  • kuyesa zakudya zochepa za FODMAP
  • kugona mokwanira
  • kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi pafupipafupi
  • kuchepetsa nkhawa
  • kumwa mankhwala kapena maantibiotiki
  • kuchita njira zopumira, monga kulingalira kapena kusinkhasinkha

Matenda otupa (IBD)

Matenda otupa (IBD) amaphatikiza zovuta zilizonse zomwe zimayambitsa kutupa m'mimba. Chofala kwambiri pazikhalidwezi ndi ulcerative colitis ndi matenda a Crohn.

Zizindikiro za IBD zingaphatikizepo:

  • kutopa kapena kutopa
  • malungo
  • kupweteka ndi kupweteka m'mimba mwanu
  • kutsegula m'mimba
  • mipando yamagazi
  • kutaya mwadzidzidzi
  • kusowa chilakolako

Kuchiza IBD

Pali njira zingapo zochiritsira IBD, zambiri zomwe zimatha kuphatikizidwa kuti zithetse vuto labwino. Mankhwalawa ndi awa:

  • kupanga kusintha kwa moyo wanu, monga kusintha kwa zakudya, zakudya zolimbitsa thupi, ndi njira zochepetsera kupsinjika
  • kumwa mankhwala, monga:
    • maantibayotiki
    • anti-zotupa
    • chitetezo cha mthupi
    • zowonjezera
    • mankhwala oletsa kutsegula m'mimba
    • amachepetsa ululu
  • kupeza chithandizo cha zakudya ngati chubu lodyetsera, ngati kuli kofunikira
  • kuchitidwa opaleshoni komwe kungaphatikizepo kuchotsa mbali yowonongeka yam'mimba kapena kuchotsa zonse m'mimba mwanu
  • pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina monga kutema mphini

Miyala ya impso

Miyala ya impso imachitika pamene zinyalala zikukula mu impso zanu ndikumamatirana. Izi ndichifukwa choti madzi sakudutsa mokwanira. Zizindikiro zodziwika za miyala ya impso ndizo:

  • kupweteka kwakuthwa m'mimba mwako ndi kumbuyo
  • kupweteka mukakodza
  • kusanza
  • nseru
  • magazi mkodzo wanu

Kuchiza miyala ya impso

Chithandizo cha mwala wa impso chimasiyanasiyana kutengera kukula ndi kukula kwa mwala wa impso. Chithandizo chitha kukhala:

  • kumwa mankhwala opweteka
  • kuwonjezera kumwa madzi
  • kukhala ndi opaleshoni monga:
    • mantha wave lithotripsy, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafunde akumveka kuti aphwanye mwalawo
    • ureteroscopy, yomwe imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito kamphindi kakang'ono kamene kamalowetsedwa mu ureter wanu kuchotsa mwalawo
    • nephrolithotomy yokhayokha, momwe gawo laling'ono limalowetsedwa kudzera pachobvala kumbuyo kwanu kuti mutulutse mwalawo

Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis imachitika pamene kapamba wanu watupa. Pali mitundu iwiri ya kapamba: pachimake komanso chosatha. Zizindikiro zimasiyanasiyana pa chilichonse.

Zizindikiro zoyipa za kapamba zimatha kuphatikiza:

  • kupweteka m'mimba komwe kumafalikira kumbuyo kwanu
  • kupweteka m'mimba komwe kumakulirakulira mukatha kudya
  • Kufewa m'mimba
  • malungo
  • kusanza ndi nseru
  • kuchuluka kugunda

Zizindikiro zamatenda am'mimba zimaphatikizapo:

  • ululu m'mimba mwanu chapamwamba
  • kuonda mwangozi
  • chimbudzi chomwe chimanunkhiza ndikuwoneka wonenepa

Kuchiza kapamba

Njira zochiritsira matenda opatsirana kwambiri ndi monga:

  • mankhwala opweteka
  • kusala kudya kwakanthawi
  • madzi kudzera mu chubu kulowa mumitsempha yanu (kudzera m'mitsempha, kapena IV)
  • njira zopangira opaleshoni zomwe zingaphatikizepo kuchotsa ndulu, kukhetsa madzi m'mapiko, kapena kuchotsa zolepheretsa mu ndulu ya bile

Njira zochiritsira matenda opatsirana ophatikizika atha kuphatikizira chithandizo chonse cha kapamba kakang'ono, komanso:

  • kusintha kwa zakudya
  • enzyme ya pancreatic imathandizira
  • kusamalira ululu

Kukula kwa nthata

Ntchentche yotambasula, kapena splenomegaly, imatha kuyambitsidwa ndi matenda ndi zikhalidwe zingapo.

Matenda ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa kufalikira kwa ndulu. Mavuto ndi chiwindi chanu, monga cirrhosis ndi cystic fibrosis, amathanso kuyambitsa nthenda yowonjezera.

Zizindikiro zomwe mungakumane nazo ndi nthenda yowonjezera ndi:

  • kumverera kukhala wokhuta ngakhale mutadya pang'ono
  • kupweteka kumbuyo kumanzere kwanu
  • kupweteka kwa msana komwe kumafalikira mpaka paphewa panu
  • kuchuluka kwa matenda
  • kupuma movutikira
  • kutopa

Muthanso kukhala opanda zisonyezo ndi ndulu yokulitsa.

Kuchiza nthenda yotakasa

Chithandizo cha nthata yotambalala chimadalira chomwe chimayambitsa. Chithandizo chitha kukhala:

  • maantibayotiki
  • mankhwala
  • opaleshoni
  • kupumula

Zimayambitsa zina

Chibayo

Chibayo ndi matenda omwe amapezeka m'mapapu anu onse. Ikhoza kukhala ndi zifukwa zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo bowa, mabakiteriya, ndi mavairasi. Izi ndi zizindikiro zofala kwambiri za chibayo:

  • kuzizira
  • malungo
  • chifuwa chokhala ndi ntchofu
  • mutu
  • kupuma movutikira
  • kupweteka pachifuwa mukatsokomola kapena kupuma kwambiri
  • kutopa kwambiri

Kuchiza chibayo

Chibayo chimatha kuchiritsidwa kunyumba motsogozedwa ndi dokotala. Mankhwalawa kunyumba ndi awa:

  • kupumula
  • kuwonjezera kumwa madzi
  • kumwa maantibayotiki
  • kumwa mankhwala ochepetsa kutentha thupi

Chibayo chachikulu kapena cholimbikira chimafuna chithandizo kuchipatala, kuphatikizapo:

  • Zamadzimadzi IV
  • maantibayotiki
  • mankhwala othandizira kupuma
  • mpweya

Zosangalatsa

Pleurisy ndikutupa kwa nembanemba kuzungulira mapapu anu, komanso mkati mwa khoma lanu pachifuwa. Zizindikiro za pleurisy zitha kuphatikiza:

  • kupweteka pachifuwa mukatsokomola, kupopera, kapena kupuma
  • chifuwa
  • malungo
  • kupuma movutikira

Kuchiza pleurisy

Njira zochiritsira pleurisy ndizo:

  • maantibayotiki
  • kupweteka kwa mankhwala ndi mankhwala a chifuwa
  • maanticoagulants, kapena mankhwala osokoneza magazi aliwonse ogundana kapena magulu akulu a mafinya ndi ntchofu
  • bronchodilators kudzera pa metered dose inhaler zida, monga zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochizira mphumu
  • OTC anti-inflammatory mankhwala ndi ululu amachepetsa

Mapapu atagwa

Mapapu omwe agwa, omwe amatchedwanso pneumothorax, amatha kuchitika mpweya ukafika pakati pa mapapo ndi khoma lachifuwa.

Pamene mpweya ukukulira, umakankhira pamapapu, ndipo pamapeto pake mapapo amatha kugwa. Kupsyinjika kwa mpweya wotsekerezedowu kungapangitsenso kukhala kovuta kupuma kwathunthu.

Zizindikiro zofala kwambiri ndi izi:

  • kupweteka pachifuwa
  • utoto wabuluu pakhungu lanu
  • kugunda kwamtima mwachangu
  • kupuma movutikira
  • kutopa
  • kuchuluka kwa kupuma pang'ono
  • chifuwa

Kuchiza mapapo omwe agwa

Ngati kugwa kuli kofatsa, ndiye kuti dokotala wanu amangofuna kuwonera kuti awone ngati atha. Kupanda kutero, chithandizo cha mapapo omwe agwa chitha kuphatikizira:

  • mankhwala a oxygen
  • kuwononga mpweya wochulukirapo
  • opaleshoni

Costochondritis

Costochondritis imachitika pamene chichereŵechereŵe chomwe chimalumikiza nthiti yanu ndi chifuwa chanu chimawayaka. Itha kukhala ndi zizindikilo zomwe zikufanana ndi vuto la mtima.

Zizindikiro za costochondritis ndi izi:

  • ululu kumanzere kwa chifuwa chanu
  • ululu womwe ndi wakuthwa, umamva ngati kupanikizika, kapena umamva kuwawa
  • kupweteka komwe kumawonjezeka mukamapuma kapena kutsokomola
  • kupweteka kwa nthiti zanu zoposa imodzi

Kuchiza costochondritis

Costochondritis itha kuthandizidwa ndi:

  • anti-zotupa
  • mankhwala osokoneza bongo
  • mankhwala ochepetsa vuto lothandizira kupweteka
  • mankhwala opatsirana pogonana omwe amathandiza kuchepetsa ululu

Nthiti zosweka

Nthiti zosweka zimayamba chifukwa chovulala koopsa kapena kopweteka. Komabe, ngati muli ndi matenda a kufooka kwa mafupa kapena vuto lina lomwe limakhudza mafupa anu, mutha kuthyoka nthiti kuchokera kuvulala pang'ono. Zizindikiro zake ndi izi:

  • kupweteka kwambiri pachifuwa
  • ululu womwe umakulirakulira mukamapuma
  • zowawa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti mupume mokwanira
  • ululu womwe umatenga nthawi yayitali, nthawi zina masabata

Kuchiza nthiti zosweka

Nthiti zophwanyika zimachiritsidwa ndi:

  • amachepetsa ululu
  • kupuma kozama
  • kutsokomola, kupewa chibayo
  • kuchipatala

Endocarditis

Endocarditis ndi matenda amkati mwa mtima wanu. Zizindikiro za endocarditis zitha kuphatikiza:

  • kulephera kwa mtima
  • malungo
  • kung'ung'uza mtima
  • kutopa
  • kutaya mwadzidzidzi
  • kupweteka m'mimba
  • kumverera kukhala wokhuta ngakhale atadya pang'ono

Kuchiza endocarditis

Njira zothandizira endocarditis zimaphatikizapo maantibayotiki ndi opaleshoni.

Zowonjezera

Appendicitis imachitika pomwe zakumapeto zanu zauka. Ngakhale zowonjezera sizimapezeka m'mimba chakumanzere chakumanzere, nthawi zambiri, zimatha kupweteketsa m'deralo. Zizindikirozi zitha kuphatikiza:

  • kupweteka m'mimba komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kumunsi kumanja kwamanja
  • mimba kukhala yofewa kukhudza
  • , kupweteka m'mimba kumtunda chakumanzere kwa mimba

Kuchiza matenda opatsirana

Nthaŵi zambiri, appendicitis imachiritsidwa ndi opaleshoni ya appendectomy kuchotsa zakumapeto.

Nthawi yoti muwonane ndi dokotala

Monga mukuwonera, zomwe zimayambitsa kupweteka m'mimba kumanzere kumasiyana kwambiri ndipo kumatha kukhala kochokera kuzinthu zazing'ono monga kutentha pa chifuwa. Komabe, ngati kupweteka kwatsopano, kosalekeza, komanso kovuta, muyenera kupita kwa dokotala wanu.

Ngati zizindikiro zanu zikuphatikiza zizindikiritso zomwe zatchulidwa m'nkhaniyi, muyenera kuyimbira foni ku 911 kapena madera akomweko mwadzidzidzi.

Werengani nkhaniyi m'Chisipanishi

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