Type 1 shuga

Mtundu woyamba wa matenda ashuga ndimatenda osakhalitsa omwe mumakhala shuga wambiri m'magazi.

Mtundu wa shuga woyamba ukhoza kuchitika msinkhu uliwonse. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka mwa ana, achinyamata, kapena achikulire.

Insulini ndi timadzi tomwe timapangidwa m'matenda ndi maselo apadera, otchedwa beta maselo. Mphunoyi ili pansipa komanso kuseri kwa m'mimba. Insulini imafunika kusuntha shuga (glucose) wamagazi m'maselo. Mkati mwa maselo, shuga amasungidwa ndipo kenako amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mphamvu. Ndi mtundu wa 1 shuga, maselo a beta amapanga insulin pang'ono kapena samatulutsa konse.

Popanda insulini yokwanira, shuga amadzaza m'magazi m'malo molowa m'maselo. Kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumatchedwa hyperglycemia. Thupi silingathe kugwiritsa ntchito glucose yamphamvu. Izi zimabweretsa zizindikilo zamtundu wa 1 matenda ashuga.

Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ashuga amtundu woyamba sizidziwika. Zowonjezera, ndimatenda amthupi okha. Izi ndizomwe zimachitika pomwe chitetezo chamthupi chimagwirira molakwika ndikuwononga minyewa yathanzi. Ndi matenda a shuga amtundu wa 1, matenda kapena choyambitsa china chimapangitsa kuti thupi liziwononga molakwika maselo a beta m'mankhwala omwe amapanga insulini. Chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi matenda omwe amadzimadzimadzimodzi okha, kuphatikizapo mtundu woyamba wa shuga, ukhoza kutengera kwa makolo ako.

SUKARI YA MWAZI WOPAMBANA

Zizindikiro zotsatirazi zitha kukhala zizindikilo zoyambirira za mtundu woyamba wa matenda ashuga. Kapena, zimatha kuchitika shuga wamagazi atakwera kwambiri.

• Kukhala ndi ludzu kwambiri
• Kumva njala
• Kumva kutopa nthawi zonse
• Kukhala ndi maso akuda
• Kumva dzanzi kapena kumva kulasalasa kumapazi ako
• Kuchepetsa thupi ngakhale kulakalaka kwambiri kudya
• Kukodza nthawi zambiri (kuphatikizapo kukodza usiku kapena kumeta m'mabedi mwa ana omwe anali owuma usiku wonse)

Kwa anthu ena, zizindikiro zazikulu zowachenjeza zikhoza kukhala zizindikiro zoyamba za matenda a shuga a mtundu woyamba. Kapenanso, zimatha kuchitika ngati shuga wamagazi ndiwokwera kwambiri (matenda ashuga ketoacidosis):

• Kupuma kozama, mwachangu
• Khungu louma ndi pakamwa
• Nkhope
• Fungo lobiriwira la mpweya
• Nseru ndi kusanza; Kulephera kusunga madzi
• Kupweteka m'mimba

SUKARI YA MWAZI Yotsika Kwambiri

Shuga wamagazi ochepa (hypoglycemia) amatha kukula msanga mwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga omwe akutenga insulin. Zizindikiro nthawi zambiri zimawonekera mulingo wa shuga wamagazi munthu akagwa pansi pa mamiligalamu 70 pa desilita (mg / dL), kapena 3.9 mmol / L. Yang'anirani:

• Mutu
• Njala
• Mantha, kukwiya
• Kugunda kwamtima mwachangu (kugunda)
• Kugwedezeka
• Kutuluka thukuta
• Kufooka

Pambuyo pazaka zambiri, matenda ashuga amatha kudwala, ndipo zotsatira zake, zizindikilo zina zambiri.

Matenda ashuga amapezeka ndi mayeso awa amwazi:

• Kusala kwa mulingo wamagazi - Matenda ashuga amapezeka ngati ali 126 mg / dL (7 mmol / L) kapena kupitilira kawiri.
• Mulingo wokhazikika (wosasala) shuga wamagazi - Mutha kukhala ndi matenda ashuga ngati ali 200 mg / dL (11.1 mmol / L) kapena kupitilira apo, ndipo muli ndi zizindikilo monga kuchuluka kwa ludzu, pokodza, ndi kutopa. (Izi ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi kuyesa kusala.)
• Kuyezetsa magazi pakamwa - Matenda ashuga amapezeka ngati mulingo wa glucose uli 200 mg / dL (11.1 mmol / L) kapena kupitilira maola awiri mutamwa chakumwa chapadera cha shuga.
• Mayeso a Hemoglobin A1C (A1C) - Matenda ashuga amapezeka ngati zotsatira za mayeso zili 6.5% kapena kupitilira apo.

Kuyesedwa kwa ketone kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito nthawi zina. Kuyesedwa kwa ketone kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito mkodzo kapena magazi. Kuyesedwa kwa ketone kumatha kuchitidwa kuti mudziwe ngati munthu yemwe ali ndi matenda a shuga amtundu wa 1 ali ndi ketoacidosis. Kuyesedwa kumachitika nthawi zambiri:

• Shuga wamagazi atakwera kuposa 240 mg / dL (13.3 mmol / L)
• Pakati pa matenda monga chibayo, matenda a mtima, kapena sitiroko
• Pamene nseru ndi kusanza zimachitika
• Pakati pa mimba

Mayeso ndi mayeso otsatirawa akuthandizani inu ndi thanzi lanu kuti mukhale oyang'anira matenda anu ashuga ndikupewa mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa cha matenda ashuga:

• Yang'anani khungu ndi mafupa pamapazi ndi miyendo yanu.
• Onetsetsani ngati mapazi anu akomoka (matenda ashuga amitsempha).
• Onetsetsani kuti magazi anu akuyendera magazi kamodzi pachaka. Cholinga chiyenera kukhala 140/90 mmHg kapena kutsika.
• Khalani ndi mayeso a A1C miyezi isanu ndi umodzi iliyonse ngati matenda anu ashuga ali bwino. Kayezetseni miyezi itatu iliyonse ngati matenda anu asanakuletsedwe bwino.
• Onetsetsani kuti mafuta anu a cholesterol ndi triglyceride ayang'aniridwa kamodzi pachaka.
• Pezani mayeso kamodzi pachaka kuti muwonetsetse kuti impso zanu zikuyenda bwino. Mayesowa akuphatikizapo kuwona kuchuluka kwa microalbuminuria ndi serum creatinine.
• Pitani kwa dokotala wanu wamaso kamodzi pachaka, kapena kangapo ngati muli ndi zizindikilo za matenda amaso ashuga.
• Onani dotolo wamankhwala miyezi isanu ndi umodzi iliyonse kuti mumtsukire bwino ndikumuyeza. Onetsetsani kuti wamankhwala anu komanso waukhondo adziwa kuti muli ndi matenda ashuga.

Chifukwa matenda ashuga amtundu wa 1 amatha kuyamba mwachangu ndipo zizindikilozo zimatha kukhala zazikulu, anthu omwe angopezekapo angafunikire kukhala mchipatala.

Ngati mwangopezeka kuti muli ndi matenda a shuga a mtundu woyamba, mungafunike kukayezetsa sabata iliyonse mpaka mutha kuwongolera shuga wanu wamagazi. Wothandizira anu adzawunika zotsatira za kuwunika kwa magazi m'magazi anu ndikuyesa mkodzo. Dokotala wanu ayang'ananso zolemba zanu zakudya, zokhwasula-khwasula, ndi jakisoni wa insulini. Zitha kutenga milungu ingapo kuti mufanane ndi kuchuluka kwa insulini ndi magawo anu azakudya komanso zochita.

Pamene matenda anu ashuga amakhala okhazikika, mudzakhala ndi maulendo ochepa otsatira. Kuyendera omwe amakupatsani ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti mutha kuwunika mavuto aliwonse akutha kwa matenda ashuga.

Wopezayo angakufunseni kuti mukakumane ndi wazakudya, wamankhwala wazachipatala, komanso katswiri wodziwa za matenda ashuga (CDCES). Othandizirawa adzakuthandizaninso kuthana ndi matenda anu ashuga.

Koma, ndinu munthu wofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera matenda anu ashuga. Muyenera kudziwa njira zoyendetsera kasamalidwe ka shuga, kuphatikiza:

• Momwe mungazindikire ndikuchiza shuga wotsika magazi (hypoglycemia)
• Momwe mungazindikire ndikuchiza shuga wambiri wamagazi (hyperglycemia)
• Momwe mungakonzekerere chakudya, kuphatikiza kuwerengera kwama carbohydrate (carb)
• Momwe mungaperekere insulini
• Momwe mungayang'anire magazi a shuga ndi ketoni yamikodzo
• Momwe mungasinthire insulin ndi chakudya mukamachita masewera olimbitsa thupi
• Momwe mungasamalire masiku odwala
• Komwe mungagule zinthu za shuga komanso momwe mungasungire

INSULIN

Insulini imachepetsa shuga wamagazi powalola kuti atuluke m'magazi ndikulowa m'maselo. Aliyense amene ali ndi matenda a shuga a mtundu woyamba ayenera kumwa insulin tsiku lililonse.

Kawirikawiri, insulini imayikidwa pansi pa khungu pogwiritsa ntchito sirinji, cholembera cha insulini, kapena pampu ya insulini. Mtundu wina wa insulini ndi mtundu wopumira. Insulini siyingatengedwe pakamwa chifukwa asidi m'mimba amawononga insulini.

Mitundu ya insulini imasiyanasiyana ndi momwe amayamba kugwira ntchito mwachangu komanso kutalika kwake. Wopereka wanu adzakusankhirani mtundu wabwino kwambiri wa insulini ndipo adzakuuzani nthawi yanji kuti mugwiritse ntchito. Mitundu ina ya insulini imatha kusakanizidwa mu jakisoni kuti muzitha kuyang'anira magazi mwazi bwino. Mitundu ina ya insulini sikuyenera kusakanizidwa.

Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga amtundu woyamba amafunika kutenga mitundu iwiri ya insulin. Insulini yoyambira imakhalitsa ndipo imayang'anira kuchuluka kwa shuga womwe thupi lanu limapanga mukamadya. Nthawi yakudya (chakudya) insulini imagwira ntchito mwachangu ndipo imamwedwa ndikudya kulikonse. Imatenga nthawi yayitali mokwanira kuti isunthire shuga wolowetsedwa kuchokera mchakudya kupita m'maselo aminyewa ndi mafuta kuti asungidwe.

Omwe amakupatsani kapena wophunzitsa za matenda a shuga akuphunzitsani momwe mungaperekere jakisoni wa insulini. Poyamba, jakisoni wa mwana atha kuperekedwa ndi kholo kapena munthu wina wamkulu. Pofika zaka 14, ana ambiri amatha kudzipatsa jakisoni wawo.

Kupuma insulini kumabwera ngati ufa womwe amapumira (wopumira). Imachita mwachangu ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito musanadye chakudya chilichonse. Wothandizira anu akhoza kukuwuzani ngati mtundu uwu wa insulini ndi woyenera kwa inu.

Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga amafunika kudziwa momwe angasinthire kuchuluka kwa insulin yomwe akutenga:

• Akachita masewera olimbitsa thupi
• Akadwala
• Nthawi yomwe azidya chakudya chocheperako kapena chopatsa mphamvu
• Akakhala paulendo

Kudya moyenera ndi kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi

Poyesa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi anu, mutha kudziwa kuti ndi zakudya ziti zomwe zikukweza kapena kutsitsa shuga kwambiri. Izi zimakuthandizani kusintha kuchuluka kwanu kwa insulin pazakudya kapena zochitika zina kuti muchepetse shuga wamagazi kuti usakhale wokwera kwambiri kapena wotsika kwambiri.

Bungwe la American Diabetes Association ndi Academy of Nutrition ndi Dietetics zili ndi chidziwitso chokonzera chakudya chamagulu, chopatsa thanzi. Zimathandizanso kuyankhulana ndi katswiri wodziwa za kadyedwe kapena mlangizi wa zakudya.

Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi pafupipafupi kumathandiza kuchepetsa shuga m'magazi. Zimathandizanso kuwotcha mafuta owonjezera ndi mafuta kuti mufike ndikukhala ndi thanzi labwino.

Lankhulani ndi omwe akukuthandizani musanayambe pulogalamu iliyonse yochita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga amtundu woyamba ayenera kuchita zinthu zina asanachite masewera olimbitsa thupi, nthawi yayitali, komanso atachita masewera olimbitsa thupi.

KUYANG'ANIRA SUKARI YAKO YA MWAZI

Kudzifufuza nokha kuchuluka kwa shuga wamagazi ndikulemba zotsatirazo kumakuwuzani momwe mukuyendetsera matenda anu ashuga. Lankhulani ndi omwe amakupatsirani komanso ophunzitsa za matenda a shuga kuti muwone kangati.

Kuti muwone kuchuluka kwa shuga wamagazi, mumagwiritsa ntchito kachipangizo kotchedwa glucose meter. Nthawi zambiri, mumaboola chala chanu ndi singano yaying'ono, yotchedwa lancet, kuti mupeze kadontho kakang'ono ka magazi. Mumayika magazi pamzere woyeserera ndikuyika mzerewo mu mita. Meter imakupatsani kuwerenga komwe kumakuwuzani kuchuluka kwa shuga wamagazi.

Oyang'anira mosalekeza a glucose amayesa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi anu kuchokera kumadzimadzi pansi pa khungu lanu. Oyang'anira awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ndi anthu omwe ali pamapampu a insulin kuti athetse matenda awo ashuga. Oyang'anira ena samafuna chala.

Lembani nokha shuga wanu wamagazi ndi gulu lanu lazachipatala. Ziwerengerozi zidzakuthandizani ngati mukukumana ndi mavuto pakusamalira matenda anu ashuga. Inu ndi omwe akukuthandizani muyenera kukhazikitsa chandamale cha shuga wanu wamagazi munthawi zosiyanasiyana masana. Muyeneranso kukonzekera zomwe mungachite ngati shuga m'magazi mwanu ndi otsika kwambiri kapena okwera kwambiri.

Lankhulani ndi omwe amakupatsirani za chandamale chanu pakuyesa kwa A1C. Kuyezetsa magazi uku kukuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi m'miyezi itatu yapitayi. Zimasonyeza momwe mukuyendetsera matenda anu a shuga. Kwa anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga amtundu woyamba, cholinga cha A1C chikuyenera kukhala 7% kapena kutsika.

Shuga wamagazi ochepa amatchedwa hypoglycemia. Mlingo wa shuga wamagazi wochepera 70 mg / dL (3.9 mmol / L) ndiwotsika kwambiri ndipo ungakuvulazeni. Mulingo wamagawa wamagazi ochepera 54 mg / dL (3.0 mmol / L) ndi omwe amachititsa kuti achitepo kanthu mwachangu. Kusamalira bwino shuga wanu wamagazi kumathandiza kupewa shuga wotsika magazi. Lankhulani ndi omwe amakupatsani ngati simukudziwa zomwe zimayambitsa komanso kuchepa kwa magazi.

KUSAMALIRA MAPAWA

Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga amakhala othekera kwambiri kuposa omwe alibe matenda ashuga kukhala ndi mavuto amiyendo. Matenda a shuga amawononga mitsempha. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti mapazi anu asamve kupsinjika, kupweteka, kutentha, kapena kuzizira. Simungazindikire kuvulala kwa phazi mpaka mutavulaza khungu ndi minofu pansipa, kapena mutenga matenda akulu.

Matenda a shuga amathanso kuwononga mitsempha yamagazi. Zilonda zazing'ono kapena zophulika pakhungu zimatha kukhala zilonda zakuya (zilonda zam'mimba). Mwendo wokhudzidwayo ungafunike kudula ngati zilonda za pakhungu sizichira, kapena kukulira, kuzama, kapena kutenga kachilomboka.

Kupewa mavuto ndi mapazi anu:

• Lekani kusuta, ngati mumasuta.
• Sinthani kuwongolera shuga wanu wamagazi.
• Pezani mayeso a phazi kawiri pa chaka kuchokera kwa omwe amakupatsani, kuti mudziwe ngati muli ndi vuto la mitsempha.
• Funsani omwe akukuthandizani kuti ayang'ane phazi lanu pamavuto monga ma callus, bunion kapena hammertoe. Izi zimafunika kuthandizidwa kuti zisawonongeke khungu ndi zilonda.
• Onetsetsani ndikusamalira mapazi anu tsiku lililonse. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri mukakhala ndi vuto la mitsempha kapena mitsempha yamagazi kapena mavuto am'mapazi.
• Chitani matenda ang'onoang'ono, monga phazi la othamanga, nthawi yomweyo.
• Kusamalira bwino msomali ndikofunikira. Ngati misomali yanu ndi yolimba komanso yolimba, muyenera kudula misomali ndi wothandizira mapazi kapena wothandizira wina yemwe amadziwa kuti muli ndi matenda ashuga.
• Gwiritsani mafuta odzola pakhungu louma.
• Onetsetsani kuti mumavala nsapato zoyenera. Funsani omwe amakupatsani omwe ali oyenera kwa inu.

KULETSA ZOVUTA

Wothandizira anu akhoza kukupatsani mankhwala kapena mankhwala ena kuti muchepetse mwayi wanu wokumana ndi zovuta za matenda ashuga, kuphatikiza:

• Matenda amaso
• Matenda a impso
• Kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha
• Matenda a mtima ndi sitiroko

Ndi matenda ashuga amtundu wa 1, muli pachiwopsezo chotenga zinthu monga kumva kumva, chiseyeye, mafupa, kapena matenda yisiti (mwa akazi). Kusunga shuga m'magazi anu moyenera kumatha kuteteza izi.

Lankhulani ndi gulu lanu lazachipatala pazinthu zina zomwe mungachite kuti muchepetse mwayi wokhala ndi matenda ashuga.

Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga akuyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti ali ndi nthawi yoyenera katemera.

UMOYO WOKHUDZA MTIMA

Kukhala ndi matenda ashuga kumatha kukhala kopanikiza. Mutha kukhala ndi nkhawa ndi chilichonse chomwe muyenera kuchita kuti muchepetse matenda anu ashuga. Koma kusamalira thanzi lanu ndikofunikira mofanana ndi thanzi lanu.

Njira zothetsera nkhawa ndi izi:

• Kumvetsera nyimbo zotsitsimula
• Kusinkhasinkha kuchotsa malingaliro anu
• Kupuma kwambiri kuti muchepetse mavuto amthupi
• Kuchita yoga, taichi, kapena kupumula kopita patsogolo

Kukhumudwa kapena kukhumudwa (kukhumudwa) kapena kuda nkhawa nthawi zina kumakhala kwachilendo. Koma ngati mumakhala ndi malingaliro awa nthawi zambiri ndipo akukulepheretsani kuthana ndi matenda anu ashuga, lankhulani ndi gulu lanu lazachipatala. Amatha kupeza njira zokuthandizani kuti muzimva bwino.

Pali zinthu zambiri zama shuga zomwe zingakuthandizeni kumvetsetsa zamtundu wa 1 matenda ashuga. Muthanso kuphunzira njira zothanirana ndi matenda anu kuti muzitha kukhala bwino ndi matenda ashuga.

Matenda a shuga ndi matenda a moyo wonse ndipo palibe mankhwala.

Kulamulira mwamphamvu shuga wamagazi kumatha kupewa kapena kuchedwetsa zovuta za matenda ashuga. Koma mavutowa amatha kuchitika, ngakhale kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto loyang'anira matenda ashuga.

Pambuyo pazaka zambiri, matenda ashuga amatha kuyambitsa mavuto akulu azaumoyo:

• Mutha kukhala ndi mavuto amaso, kuphatikiza kuwona (makamaka usiku) komanso kuzindikira kuwala. Iwe ukhoza kukhala wakhungu.
• Mapazi anu ndi khungu lanu zimatha kukhala ndi zilonda ndi matenda. Ngati muli ndi zilondazi kwa nthawi yayitali, phazi kapena mwendo wanu ungafunike kudulidwa. Matendawa amathanso kupweteka, kutupa, ndi kuyabwa.
• Matenda ashuga angapangitse kuti zikhale zovuta kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa magazi ndi cholesterol.Izi zitha kubweretsa matenda amtima, stroko, ndi mavuto ena. Zimatha kukhala zovuta kuti magazi azitha kuyenda mpaka kumapazi ndi kumapazi.
• Matenda ashuga amatha kufooketsa chitetezo cha mthupi mwanu ndikupangitsa kuti mukhale ndi matenda.
• Mitsempha m'thupi imatha kuwonongeka, kuyambitsa kupweteka, kuyabwa, kumva kuwawa, ndi dzanzi.
• Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha, mutha kukhala ndi zovuta kugaya chakudya chomwe mumadya. Mutha kumva kufooka kapena kukhala ndi vuto kupita kuchimbudzi. Kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha kumathandizanso kuti zikhale zovuta kuti abambo akhale ndi erection.
• Kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi komanso mavuto ena kumatha kubweretsa kuwonongeka kwa impso. Impso sizingagwire ntchito kale. Atha kuleka kugwira ntchito, kotero kuti mungafunike dialysis kapena kumuika impso.
• Shuga wamagazi ambiri amatha kufooketsa chitetezo chamthupi. Izi zitha kukupangitsani kuti mukhale ndi matenda, kuphatikiza khungu lowopsa komanso matenda opatsirana.
  

Imbani 911 kapena nambala yadzidzidzi yakomweko ngati muli:

• Kupweteka pachifuwa kapena kupanikizika, kupuma movutikira, kapena zizindikilo zina za angina
• Kutaya chidziwitso
• Kugwidwa

Itanani omwe akukuthandizani kapena pitani kuchipinda chadzidzidzi ngati muli ndi zizindikiro za matenda ashuga ketoacidosis.

Komanso itanani omwe akukuthandizani ngati muli ndi:

• Magazi a shuga omwe ndi okwera kuposa zolinga zomwe inu ndi omwe mumapereka mwakhazikitsa
• Dzanzi, kumva kulasalasa, kapena kupweteka kumapazi kapena miyendo yanu
• Mavuto ndi maso anu
• Zilonda kapena matenda pamapazi anu
• Kumangokhalira kukhumudwa kapena kuda nkhawa
• Zizindikiro zakuti shuga wako wamagazi akuchepa kwambiri (kufooka kapena kutopa, kunjenjemera, kutuluka thukuta, kukwiya, kuvuta kuganiza bwino, kugunda kwamtima, kuwona kwamaso awiri kapena kusawona, kumva kusasangalala)
• Zizindikiro zakuti shuga wanu wamagazi ndiwokwera kwambiri (ludzu, kusawona bwino, khungu louma, kufooka kapena kutopa, muyenera kukodza kwambiri)
• Kuwerengedwa kwa shuga wamagazi komwe kumakhala pansi pa 70 mg / dL (3.9 mmol / L)

Mutha kuchiza zizindikiro zoyambirira za hypoglycemia kunyumba ndikumwa madzi a lalanje, kudya shuga kapena maswiti, kapena kumwa mapiritsi a shuga. Ngati zizindikiro za hypoglycemia zikupitilira kapena kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi anu kumakhala pansi pa 60 mg / dL (3.3 mmol / L), pitani kuchipinda chodzidzimutsa.

Mtundu wa 1 shuga sungapewe pakadali pano. Awa ndi malo ofufuza kwambiri. Mu 2019, kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ojambulidwa adatha kuchedwetsa kuyambika kwa matenda amtundu woyamba 1 mwa ana omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Palibe kuyesa kuyesa mtundu wa 1 shuga kwa anthu omwe alibe zisonyezo. Komabe, kuyesa kwa ma antibody kumatha kuzindikira ana omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotenga matenda ashuga amtundu woyamba ngati ali ndi achibale oyamba (m'bale wawo, kholo) omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga amtundu woyamba.

Matenda a shuga omwe amadalira insulin; Achinyamata amayamba matenda ashuga; Matenda a shuga - mtundu wa 1; Shuga wamagazi - mtundu woyamba wa shuga

• Matenda a shuga ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi
• Kusamalira maso a shuga
• Matenda a shuga - zilonda za kumapazi
• Matenda a shuga - kugwira ntchito
• Matenda ashuga - kupewa matenda amtima komanso kupwetekedwa mtima
• Matenda a shuga - kusamalira mapazi anu
• Kuyesedwa kwa matenda ashuga ndikuwunika
• Matenda a shuga - mukamadwala
• Kudulidwa kwamapazi - kutulutsa
• Kudulidwa mwendo - kutulutsa
• Kudulidwa mwendo kapena phazi - kusintha kosintha
• Shuga wamagazi ochepa - kudzisamalira
• Kusamalira shuga wanu wamagazi

• Pampu ya insulini
• Lembani I shuga
• Pampu ya insulini
• Sinthani shuga wanu wamagazi

Bungwe la American Diabetes Association. 2. Gulu ndi matenda a shuga: miyezo ya chithandizo chamankhwala ashuga - 2020. Chisamaliro cha shuga. 2020; 43 (Suppl 1): S14-S31. PMID: 31862745 adasankhidwa.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31862745/.

Atkinson MA, Mcgill DE, Dassau E, Laffel L. Type 1 matenda a shuga. Mu: Melmed S, Auchus, RJ, Goldfine AB, Koenig RJ, Rosen CJ, olemba. Buku la Williams la Endocrinology. Wolemba 14th. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 36.

A Brownlee M, Aiello LP, Sun JK, et al. Zovuta za matenda ashuga. Mu: Melmed S, Auchus, RJ, Goldfine AB, Koenig RJ, Rosen CJ, olemba. Buku la Williams la Endocrinology. Wolemba 14th. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 37.