Kuyankha mthupi

Chitetezo cha mthupi ndi momwe thupi lanu limadzizindikirira komanso limadziteteza ku mabakiteriya, mavairasi, ndi zinthu zomwe zimawoneka zakunja komanso zowopsa.

Chitetezo cha mthupi chimateteza thupi ku zinthu zowopsa pozindikira komanso kuyankha ma antigen. Ma antigen ndi zinthu (nthawi zambiri mapuloteni) pamwamba pamaselo, mavairasi, bowa, kapena mabakiteriya. Zinthu zopanda moyo monga poizoni, mankhwala, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi ma tinthu akunja (monga chopopera) amathanso kukhala ma antigen. Chitetezo cha mthupi chimazindikira ndikuwononga, kapena kuyesa kuwononga, zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi ma antigen.

Maselo a thupi lanu ali ndi mapuloteni omwe ndi ma antigen. Izi zikuphatikizapo gulu la ma antigen otchedwa HLA antigen. Chitetezo cha mthupi lanu chimaphunzira kuwona ma antigen awa ngati abwinobwino ndipo nthawi zambiri samachita nawo.

CHISOLEZO CHOYENERA

Chitetezo chachilengedwe, kapena chosadziwika, ndi chitetezo chomwe mudabadwa nacho. Zimakutetezani ku ma antigen onse. Chitetezo chachilengedwe chimakhala ndi zotchinga zomwe zimalepheretsa zinthu zowononga kulowa mthupi lanu. Zotchinga izi ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitetezo chitetezeke. Zitsanzo za chitetezo chachilengedwe chimaphatikizapo:

• Chifuwa reflex
• Mavitamini misozi ndi mafuta akhungu
• Ntchofu, yomwe imagwira mabakiteriya ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono
• Khungu
• Asidi m'mimba

Chitetezo chachilengedwe chimabweranso mumapangidwe am'mapuloteni, otchedwa innate humoral immunity. Zitsanzo zake ndizophatikizira thupi ndi zinthu zotchedwa interferon ndi interleukin-1 (zomwe zimayambitsa malungo).

Antigen ikadutsa zopinga izi, imawomberedwa ndikuwonongedwa ndi mbali zina za chitetezo cha mthupi.

CHISINDIKIZO CHOFUNIKA

Chitetezo chokwanira ndi chitetezo chomwe chimayamba ndikakumana ndi ma antigen osiyanasiyana. Chitetezo chanu cha mthupi chimamangiriza kuteteza antigen.

CHISINDIKIZO CHOMWE CHIMANTHU

Chitetezo chokwanira chimachitika chifukwa cha ma antibodies omwe amapangidwa mthupi lina osati lanu. Makanda amakhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira chifukwa amabadwa ndi ma antibodies omwe amasamutsidwa kudzera mu placenta kuchokera kwa amayi awo. Ma antibodies awa amatha pakati pa miyezi 6 ndi 12 miyezi.

Katemera wongokhala mwina amathanso chifukwa cha jakisoni wa antiserum, womwe uli ndi ma antibodies omwe amapangidwa ndi munthu wina kapena nyama. Amapereka chitetezo chamtsogolo ku antigen, koma sichimapereka chitetezo chokhalitsa. Chitetezo cha mthupi cha serum globulin (chomwe chimaperekedwa chifukwa cha chiwindi cha hepatitis) ndi tetanus antitoxin ndi zitsanzo za katemera wokha.

ZINTHU ZAMAGAZI

Chitetezo chamthupi chimaphatikizapo mitundu ina yamagazi oyera. Mulinso mankhwala ndi mapuloteni m'magazi, monga ma antibodies, othandizira ma protein, ndi interferon. Zina mwa izi zimaukira mwachindunji zinthu zakunja mthupi, ndipo zina zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kuthandiza chitetezo chamthupi.

Ma lymphocyte ndi mtundu wama cell oyera. Pali ma lymphocyte amtundu wa B ndi T.

• Ma lymphocyte B amakhala maselo omwe amapanga ma antibodies. Ma antibodies amalumikizana ndi antigen inayake ndipo zimapangitsa kuti ma cell a chitetezo awononge antigen.
• Ma lymphocyte T amalimbana ndi ma antigen mwachindunji ndikuthandizira kuwongolera chitetezo cha mthupi. Amatulutsanso mankhwala, otchedwa cytokines, omwe amayang'anira chitetezo chonse cha mthupi.

Pamene ma lymphocyte amakula, nthawi zambiri amaphunzira kusiyanitsa matupi anu ndi zinthu zomwe sizimapezeka mthupi lanu nthawi zonse. Maselo a B ndi T atapangidwa, ma cell angapo adzachulukana ndikupereka "kukumbukira" chitetezo chamthupi chanu. Izi zimathandiza kuti chitetezo chamthupi chanu chiziyankha mwachangu komanso moyenera nthawi ina mukadzapatsidwa antigen yomweyo. Nthawi zambiri, zimakuthandizani kuti musadwale. Mwachitsanzo, munthu amene wadwala nthomba kapena watetezedwa ndi nthomba sakhala ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa.

KUCHITIKA

Kutupa kotupa (kutupa) kumachitika minofu ikamavulala ndi mabakiteriya, zoopsa, poizoni, kutentha, kapena chifukwa china chilichonse. Maselo owonongeka amatulutsa mankhwala kuphatikiza histamine, bradykinin, ndi prostaglandins. Mankhwalawa amachititsa kuti mitsempha ya magazi izitulutsa madzi m'matumba, ndikupangitsa kutupa. Izi zimathandiza kupatula chinthu chakunja kuti chisagwirizane ndimatenda amthupi.

Mankhwalawa amakopanso maselo oyera amagazi otchedwa phagocytes omwe "amadya" majeremusi ndi maselo akufa kapena owonongeka. Njirayi imatchedwa phagocytosis. Phagocytes amatha kufa. Mafinya amapangidwa kuchokera ku minofu yakufa, mabakiteriya akufa, ndi ma phagocytes amoyo ndi akufa.

ZOTHANDIZA ZINTHU ZOTHANDIZA MALO

Matenda a chitetezo cha mthupi amapezeka pamene chitetezo cha mthupi chimayang'aniridwa ndi minofu ya thupi, yochulukirapo, kapena ikusowa. Nthendayi imakhudzana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi ku chinthu chomwe matupi a anthu ambiri amawona kuti sichowopsa.

MAJUZI

Katemera (katemera) ndi njira ina yomwe ingayambitse chitetezo cha mthupi. Mlingo wocheperako wa antigen, monga ma virus amoyo omwe amafa kapena ofooka, amapatsidwa kuti atsegule chitetezo cha m'thupi "kukumbukira" (ma cell a B otsegulidwa ndi ma T olimbikitsa). Kukumbukira kumalola thupi lanu kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu komanso moyenera kuwonekera mtsogolo.

ZINTHU ZOFUNIKA KUDZIWA NDI YINTHU YOPHUNZITSIRA YAMODZI

Kuyankha bwino kwa chitetezo cha mthupi kumateteza kumatenda ndi zovuta zambiri. Kusagwira bwino ntchito m'thupi kumalola matenda kukula. Zochuluka kwambiri, zochepa, kapena kuyankha molakwika kwa chitetezo cha mthupi kumayambitsa matenda amthupi. Kuyankha mthupi mopitilira muyeso kumatha kudzetsa matenda amthupi okhaokha, momwe ma antibodies amapikisana motsutsana ndi minyewa ya thupi.

Zovuta zamayankho amthupi asintha monga:

• Matupi kapena hypersensitivity
• Anaphylaxis, yomwe imawopsa kwambiri
• Matenda osokoneza bongo
• Matenda olimbana ndi matendawa, zovuta zam'mafupa
• Matenda osokoneza bongo
• Matenda a Seramu
• Kukaniza kukana

Chitetezo chabwinobwino; Chitetezo chamthupi; Chitetezo cham'manja; Chitetezo; Zotupa; Chitetezo chokwanira (chosinthika)

• Chimfine ndi chimfine - zomwe mungafunse dokotala wanu - wamkulu
• Chimfine ndi chimfine - zomwe mungafunse dokotala - mwana
• Mwana wanu wakhanda akatentha thupi

• Ma chitetezo amthupi
• Phagocytosis

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Bankova L, Barrett N. Chitetezo chamatenda. Mu: Burks AW, Holgate ST, O'Hehir RE, et al, olemba. Ziwombankhanga za Middleton: Mfundo ndi Zochita. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: mutu 1.

Firestein GS, Stanford SM. Njira zotupa ndi kukonza minofu. Mu: Goldman L, Schafer AI, olemba. Mankhwala a Goldman-Cecil. 26 wa. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 42.

Tuano KS, Chinen J. Chitetezo chokwanira. Mu: Burks AW, Holgate ST, O'Hehir RE, et al, olemba. Ziwombankhanga za Middleton: Mfundo ndi Zochita. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: mutu 2.