Chotupa

Chotupa ndikukula kosazolowereka kwa minyewa ya thupi. Zotupa zitha kukhala za khansa (zoyipa) kapena zosachita khansa (zabwino).

Mwambiri, zotupa zimachitika pomwe maselo amagawikana ndikukula mopitilira muyeso mthupi. Nthawi zambiri, thupi limayang'anira kukula kwa maselo ndikugawana. Maselo atsopano amapangidwa kuti asinthe okalamba kapena kuti agwire ntchito zatsopano. Maselo omwe awonongeka kapena osafunikanso amafa kuti apange malo obwezeretsa athanzi.

Ngati kuchuluka kwa kukula kwamaselo ndi imfa kumasokonezeka, chotupa chimatha.

Mavuto okhudzana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi amatha kubweretsa zotupa. Fodya amachititsa anthu ambiri kufa ndi khansa kuposa china chilichonse chachilengedwe. Zina mwaziwopsezo za khansa ndi monga:

• Benzene ndi mankhwala ena ndi poizoni
• Kumwa mowa kwambiri
• Poizoni wazachilengedwe, monga bowa winawake wakupha ndi mtundu wa poyizoni yemwe amatha kumera pazomera za chiponde (aflatoxins)
• Kuchuluka kwa dzuwa
• Mavuto amtundu
• Kunenepa kwambiri
• Kutulutsa kwa radiation
• Mavairasi

Mitundu ya zotupa zomwe zimadziwika kuti zimayambitsidwa kapena kulumikizidwa ndi ma virus ndi izi:

• Burkitt lymphoma (kachilombo ka Epstein-Barr)
• Khansara ya chiberekero (papillomavirus yaumunthu)
• Khansa yambiri yamatenda (human papillomavirus)
• Khansa zina zapakhosi, kuphatikiza mkamwa wofewa, m'munsi mwa lilime ndi matani (papillomavirus ya anthu)
• Khansa ina ya kumaliseche, vulvar, ndi penile (human papillomavirus)
• Ena khansa ya chiwindi (hepatitis B ndi ma virus a hepatitis C)
• Kaposi sarcoma (kachilombo ka herpesvirus 8)
• Akuluakulu a T-cell khansa ya m'magazi / lymphoma (kachilombo ka T-lymphotropic virus-1)
• Merkel cell carcinoma (Merkel cell polyomavirus)
• Khansa ya Nasopharyngeal (Epstein-Barr virus)

Zotupa zina ndizofala kwambiri pa chiwalo chimodzi kuposa china. Zina ndizofala kwambiri pakati pa ana kapena achikulire. Zina ndizokhudzana ndi zakudya, malo okhala, komanso mbiri ya banja.

Zizindikiro zimadalira mtundu ndi malo a chotupacho. Mwachitsanzo, zotupa m'mapapo zimatha kuyambitsa chifuwa, kupuma movutikira, kapena kupweteka pachifuwa. Zotupa m'matumbo zimatha kuchepa thupi, kutsegula m'mimba, kudzimbidwa, kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi, komanso magazi m'mipando.

Zotupa zina sizingayambitse zizindikiro zilizonse. Zina, monga khansa ya m'mimba kapena kapamba, SIYENSE imayambitsa zizindikilo mpaka matendawa atafika pachimake.

Zizindikiro zotsatirazi zitha kuchitika ndi zotupa:

• Malungo kapena kuzizira
• Kutopa
• Kutaya njala
• Kutuluka thukuta usiku
• Kuchepetsa thupi
• Ululu

Wothandizira zaumoyo wanu amatha kuwona chotupa, monga khansa yapakhungu kapena mkamwa. Koma khansa zambiri sizimawoneka poyesa chifukwa zili mkati mwamthupi.

Papezeka chotupa, chidutswa cha khunguyo chimachotsedwa ndikuyang'aniridwa ndi microscope. Izi zimatchedwa biopsy. Zimachitika kuti mudziwe ngati chotupacho sichikhala chakhansa (chosaopsa) kapena khansa (chowopsa). Kutengera komwe kuli chotupacho, kafukufukuyu atha kukhala njira yosavuta kapena opareshoni yayikulu.

Kujambula kwa CT kapena MRI kumatha kuthandizira kudziwa komwe kuli chotupacho komanso kutalika kwake. Chiyeso china chojambula chotchedwa positron emission tomography (PET) chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza mitundu ina ya chotupa.

Mayesero ena omwe angachitike ndi awa:

• Kuyesa magazi
• Mafupa a mafupa (nthawi zambiri a lymphoma kapena khansa ya m'magazi)
• X-ray pachifuwa
• Kuwerengera kwathunthu kwa magazi (CBC)
• Kuyesa kwa chiwindi

Chithandizo chimasiyanasiyana kutengera:

• Mtundu wa chotupa
• Kaya ndi khansa
• Kumene kuli chotupacho

Simungafunikire chithandizo ngati chotupacho ndi:

• Zosagwiritsa ntchito khansa (zabwino)
• Kudera "lotetezeka" kumene sikungayambitse matenda kapena mavuto ndi momwe chiwalo chimagwirira ntchito

Nthawi zina zotupa zosaopsa zimatha kuchotsedwa pazifukwa zodzikongoletsera kapena kukonza zizindikiro. Zotupa za Benign pafupi kapena muubongo zimatha kuchotsedwa chifukwa chopezeka kapena kuwononga minyewa yabwinobwino yoyandikira.

Ngati chotupa ndi khansa, mankhwala omwe angakhalepo angaphatikizepo:

• Chemotherapy
• Mafunde
• Opaleshoni
• Chithandizo cha khansa
• Chitetezo chamatenda
• Njira zina zamankhwala

Kuzindikira khansa nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa nkhawa zambiri ndipo kumatha kukhudza moyo wonse wamunthu. Pali zinthu zambiri zothandizira odwala khansa.

Maganizo amasiyana mosiyanasiyana pamatenda osiyanasiyana. Ngati chotupacho ndi chosaopsa, malingaliro ake amakhala abwino kwambiri. Koma chotupa chosaopsa nthawi zina chimatha kubweretsa mavuto akulu, monga mkati kapena pafupi ndi ubongo.

Ngati chotupacho chili ndi khansa, zotsatira zake zimadalira mtundu ndi gawo la chotupacho mukazindikira. Khansa zina zimatha kuchira. Zina zomwe sizichiritsidwa zitha kuthandizidwabe, ndipo anthu amatha kukhala zaka zambiri ndi khansa. Palinso zotupa zina zomwe zimawopseza moyo msanga.

Misa; Kutupa

Kukula kwa ma Burstein E. Mu: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, olemba. Sleisenger ndi Matenda a Mimba ndi a Fordtran Amatenda a Chiwindi. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021: mutu 1.

Tsamba la National Cancer Institute. Zizindikiro za khansa. www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/symptoms. Idasinthidwa pa Meyi 16, 2019. Idapezeka pa Julayi 12, 2020.

Nussbaum RL, McInnes RR, Willard HF (Adasankhidwa) Matenda a khansa ndi majeremusi. Mu: Nussbaum RL, McInnes RR, Willard HF, olemba. Thompson & Thompson Genetics mu Mankhwala. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: chap 15.

Paki BH. Khansa biology ndi majini. Mu: Goldman L, Schafer AI, olemba. Mankhwala a Goldman-Cecil. 26 wa. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 171.