Kuika mapapo

Kuika mapapo ndi opaleshoni yochotsa m'mapapu amodzi kapena onse awiri omwe ali ndi matenda ndi mapapo athanzi ochokera kwa woperekayo.

Nthawi zambiri, mapapu kapena mapapu atsopano amaperekedwa ndi munthu wazaka zosakwana 65 ndipo wamwalira muubongo, komabe amakhala akuthandizira moyo. Mapapu opereka ayenera kukhala opanda matenda ndipo amafanana kwambiri ndi mtundu wa minofu yanu. Izi zimachepetsa mwayi woti thupi likane kumuika.

Mapapu amathanso kuperekedwa ndi omwe amapereka moyo. Pakufunika anthu awiri kapena kupitilira apo. Munthu aliyense amapereka gawo (lobe) lamapapu awo. Izi zimapanga mapapu athunthu kwa munthu amene akuwalandira.

Pakati pa opaleshoni yopanga mapapo, mukugona ndipo simumva kupweteka (pansi pa anesthesia). Kudula opaleshoni kumapangidwa m'chifuwa. Opaleshoni ya m'mapapo nthawi zambiri imachitika pogwiritsa ntchito makina am'mapapu. Chipangizochi chimagwira ntchito yamtima ndi mapapo pomwe mtima ndi mapapo anu zimayimitsidwa kuchitidwa opaleshoni.

• Pakudyera m'mapapo kumodzi, kudulidwa kumapangidwa pambali pa chifuwa chanu pomwe m'mapapo mwake mudzaikidwa. Ntchitoyi imatenga maola 4 mpaka 8. Nthawi zambiri, mapapo omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu amachotsedwa.
• Pogwiritsa ntchito mapapo awiri, kudula kumapangidwa pansi pa bere ndikufika mbali zonse ziwiri za chifuwa. Opaleshoni imatenga maola 6 mpaka 12.

Akadulidwa, masitepe akulu pakuchitidwa opaleshoni yamapapo ndi awa:

• Mumayikidwa pamakina am'mapapu amtima.
• Limodzi kapena mapapo anu onse amachotsedwa. Kwa anthu omwe akupanga mapapu awiri, ambiri kapena magawo onse kuchokera mbali yoyamba amalizidwa mbali yachiwiri isanachitike.
• Mitsempha yayikulu yam'magazi ndi mlengalenga wamapapu atsopano amasokeredwa pamitsempha yanu yamagazi ndi mlengalenga. Lobe wopatsa kapena mapapu amalumikizidwa (sutured) m'malo mwake. Machubu pachifuwa amalowetsedwa kukhetsa mpweya, madzimadzi, ndi magazi kuchokera pachifuwa kwa masiku angapo kuti mapapo akule bwino.
• Mumachotsedwa pamakina am'mapapu amtima pomwe mapapo asokedwa ndikugwira ntchito.

Nthawi zina, kusintha kwa mtima ndi m'mapapo kumachitika nthawi yomweyo (kumuika mtima ndi mapapo) ngati mtima uli ndi matenda.

Nthaŵi zambiri, kupatsira m'mapapo kumachitika pokhapokha mankhwala ena onse am'mapapo atalephera. Kuika mapapo kungalimbikitsidwe kwa anthu osakwana zaka 65 omwe ali ndi matenda am'mapapo akulu. Zitsanzo zina za matenda omwe angafunike kuti munthu akhazikike m'mapapo ndi awa:

• Cystic fibrosis
• Kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha ya m'mapapo chifukwa chakulephera pamtima pakubadwa (kobadwa nako)
• Kuwonongeka kwa ndege zazikulu ndi mapapo (bronchiectasis)
• Emphysema kapena matenda osokoneza bongo (COPD)
• Mavuto am'mapapo momwe m'mapapo mwanga mumatupa ndi m'mafupa (matenda am'mapapo am'mapapo)
• Kuthamanga kwa magazi m'mitsempha ya m'mapapo (pulmonary hypertension)
• Sarcoidosis

Kuika pathupi sikungachitike kwa anthu omwe:

• Amadwala kwambiri kapena samadyetsedwa bwino kuti athe kuchita izi
• Pitirizani kusuta fodya kapena kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo
• Khalani ndi chiwindi cha hepatitis B, hepatitis C, kapena HIV
• Wakhala ndi khansa mzaka ziwiri zapitazi
• Khalani ndi matenda am'mapapo omwe angakhudze mapapu atsopano
• Mukhale ndi matenda owopsa a ziwalo zina
• Sangathe kumwa mankhwala awo mokhulupirika
• Simungathe kupita kuchipatala komanso maulendo azaumoyo ndi mayeso omwe amafunikira

Zowopsa zakuika m'mapapo ndi monga:

• Kuundana kwa magazi (venous thrombosis).
• Matenda ashuga, kupatulira mafupa, kapena kuchuluka kwama cholesterol m'mankhwala omwe amaperekedwa pambuyo pouika.
• Kuchulukitsa chiwopsezo cha matenda opatsirana chifukwa chokana mankhwala (anti-kukana).
• Kuwonongeka kwa impso zanu, chiwindi, kapena ziwalo zina kuchokera ku mankhwala oletsa kukana.
• Zowopsa zamtsogolo za khansa zina.
• Mavuto pamalo pomwe mitsempha yatsopano yamagazi ndi mayendedwe amlengalenga adalumikizidwa.
• Kukana kwa mapapo atsopano, omwe atha kuchitika nthawi yomweyo, mkati mwa milungu 4 mpaka 6 yoyambirira, kapena kupitilira nthawi.
• Mapapu atsopano sangagwire ntchito konse.

Mukhala ndi mayeso otsatirawa kuti mudziwe ngati ndinu woyenera kuchita ntchitoyi:

• Kuyezetsa magazi kapena kuyezetsa khungu kuti muwone ngati alibe matenda
• Kulemba magazi
• Kuyesa kuyesa mtima wanu, monga electrocardiogram (EKG), echocardiogram, kapena catheterization yamtima
• Kuyesa kuyesa mapapu anu
• Kuyesera kuyang'ana khansa yoyambirira (Pap smear, mammogram, colonoscopy)
• Kulemba kwa matishu, kuti mutsimikizire kuti thupi lanu silingakane mapapu omwe aperekedwa

Omwe akufuna kubzala ndikulemba pamndandanda. Malo anu pamndandanda wodikirira amatengera zinthu zingapo, kuphatikiza:

• Ndi mavuto amtundu wanji am'mapapo omwe muli nawo
• Kukula kwa matenda anu am'mapapo
• Mwayi woti kumuika bwino kumachita bwino

Kwa achikulire ambiri, kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe mumakhala pagulu loyembekezera nthawi zambiri sikutanthauza kuti mupeza mapapu posachedwa bwanji. Nthawi yodikira nthawi zambiri imakhala yosachepera zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu.

Pamene mukuyembekezera mapapu atsopano:

• Tsatirani zakudya zilizonse zomwe gulu lanu lakuika m'mapapo limalimbikitsa. Lekani kumwa zakumwa zoledzeretsa, musasute, ndipo sungani kulemera kwanu pamlingo woyenera.
• Tengani mankhwala onse monga adalembedwera. Nenani zakusintha kwamankhwala anu komanso mavuto azachipatala omwe ndi atsopano kapena akuipiraipira gulu lakuzira.
• Tsatirani pulogalamu iliyonse yolimbitsa thupi yomwe mudaphunzitsidwa pakukonzanso kwamapapu.
• Sungani nthawi iliyonse yomwe mwapangana ndi omwe amakuthandizani azaumoyo nthawi zonse komanso gulu lakuika.
• Adziwitseni gulu lakuikani momwe angalumikizirane nanu nthawi yomweyo mapapo atayamba kupezeka. Onetsetsani kuti mutha kulumikizidwa mwachangu komanso mosavuta.
• Konzekerani pasadakhale kuti mupite kuchipatala.

Musanachitike, nthawi zonse uzani omwe akukuthandizani:

• Ndi mankhwala ati, mavitamini, zitsamba, ndi zina zowonjezera zomwe mukugwiritsa ntchito, ngakhale zomwe mwagula popanda mankhwala
• Ngati mwakhala mukumwa mowa wambiri (osamwa kamodzi kapena awiri patsiku)

Osadya kapena kumwa chilichonse mukauzidwa kuti mubwere kuchipatala kudzakuikani m'mapapu. Tengani mankhwala okhawo omwe auzidwa kuti mumwe ndikumwa madzi pang'ono.

Muyenera kuyembekezera kukhala mchipatala masiku 7 mpaka 21 mutapatsidwa mapapo. Mosakayikira mudzakhala nthawi yayitali kuchipatala cha anthu odwala mwakayakaya (ICU) mukangochitidwa opaleshoni. Malo ambiri omwe amaika m'mapapo amakhala ndi njira zochiritsira komanso zothetsera odwala m'mapapo.

Nthawi yobwezeretsa ili pafupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Nthawi zambiri, gulu lanu lakuika limakufunsani kuti mukhale pafupi ndi chipatala kwa miyezi itatu yoyambirira. Muyenera kuyesedwa pafupipafupi ndi kuyesa magazi ndi ma x-ray kwazaka zambiri.

Kuika m'mapapo ndi njira yayikulu yomwe imachitidwira anthu omwe ali ndi matenda owopsa am'mapapo kapena kuwonongeka.

Pafupifupi odwala anayi mwa asanu akadali ndi moyo chaka chimodzi pambuyo pomuika. Pafupifupi awiri mwa asanu omwe amawalembera amoyo ali ndi zaka zisanu. Chiwopsezo chachikulu chaimfa ndi mchaka choyamba, makamaka chifukwa cha mavuto monga kukanidwa.

Kulimbana ndi kukanidwa ndikuchitika mosalekeza. Chitetezo cha mthupi chimaganizira chiwalo choikidwa ngati chowononga ndipo chimatha kuchiukira.

Pofuna kupewa kukanidwa, odwala omwe amaika ziwalo m'thupi ayenera kumwa mankhwala oletsa kukana (immunosuppression). Mankhwalawa amapondereza chitetezo cha mthupi ndikuchepetsa mwayi wokana. Zotsatira zake, komabe, mankhwalawa amachepetsanso mphamvu yachilengedwe ya thupi yolimbana ndi matenda.

Pofika zaka 5 mutadutsa mapapo, munthu m'modzi mwa anthu asanu amakhala ndi khansa kapena amakhala ndi vuto ndi mtima. Kwa anthu ambiri, moyo umakhala wabwino pambuyo poumba mapapu. Amatha kupirira zolimbitsa thupi ndipo amatha kuchita zambiri tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kuika thupi kolimba - mapapu

• Kuika mapapu - mndandanda

Blatter JA, Noyes B, Wokoma SC. Kuika m'mapapo kwa ana. Mu: Wilmott RW, Kuthetsa R, Li A, et al. okonza. Mavuto a Kendig a Gawo Lopuma mwa Ana. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019: chap 67.

Brown LM, Puri V, Patterson GA. Kuika m'mapapo. Mu: Sellke FW, del Nido PJ, Swanson SJ, olemba. Opaleshoni ya Sabiston ndi Spencer pachifuwa. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: chap 14.

Chandrashekaran S, Emtiazjoo A, Salgado JC. Kusamalira kwachipatala kwa odwala opatsirana m'mapapo. Mu: Vincent JL, Abraham E, Moore FA, Prime Minister wa Kochanek, MP wa Fink, eds. Buku Lopereka Chithandizo Chachikulu. Wachisanu ndi chiwiri. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017: mutu 158.

Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF. Kuika mtima kwa ana ndi mtima ndi mapapo. Mu: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF, olemba. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Wolemba 20th. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: chap 443.

Kotloff RM, Keshavjee S. Kuyika mapapu. Mu: Broaddus VC, Mason RJ, Ernst JD, et al, olemba. Buku la Murray & Nadel la Mankhwala Opuma. Lachisanu ndi chimodzi. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016: chap 106.