Phatikizani gawo 4

Chophatikiza gawo 4 ndi kuyesa magazi komwe kumayeza ntchito ya protein inayake. Puloteni iyi ndi gawo limodzi lamagulu othandizira. Njira yothandizirayi ndi gulu la mapuloteni pafupifupi 60 omwe amapezeka m'madzi am'magazi kapena pamaselo ena.

Mapuloteniwa amagwira ntchito ndi chitetezo cha mthupi lanu ndipo amatengapo gawo poteteza kumatenda. Amathandizanso kuchotsa ma cell akufa ndi zinthu zakunja mthupi. Nthawi zambiri, anthu amatha kulandira kuchepa kwa mapuloteni ena othandizira. Anthuwa amatha kudwala matenda ena kapena matenda omwe amadzichitira okha.

Pali mapuloteni asanu ndi anayi akulu othandizira. Amatchedwa C1 kudzera C9. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mayeso omwe amayesa C4.

Magazi amatengedwa kuchokera mumtsempha. Mitsempha yochokera mkati mwa chigongono kapena kumbuyo kwa dzanja imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri.

Njirayi ndi iyi:

• Tsambali limatsukidwa ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo.
• Wothandizira zaumoyo amakulunga kansalu kotanuka kumanja kumtunda kuti apanikizire malowa ndikupangitsa mtsempha kutupika ndi magazi.
• Woperekayo amalowetsa singano mumtambo.
• Mwazi umasonkhanitsa mu chotengera chotsitsimula kapena chubu cholumikizidwa ndi singano. Lamba womata wachotsedwa m'manja mwanu.
• Magazi akangotoleredwa, singano imachotsedwa. Malo obowola amafundidwa kuti asiye magazi.

Kwa makanda kapena ana aang'ono, chida chakuthwa chotchedwa lancet chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuboola khungu ndikuthira magazi. Mwazi umasonkhanitsa mu chubu chaching'ono chagalasi chotchedwa pipette, kapena pagawo loyeserera kapena loyesa. Bandeji itha kuyikidwa pamalopo ngati pali magazi.

Palibe kukonzekera kwapadera komwe kumafunikira.

Pamene singano imayikidwa kuti ikoke magazi, anthu ena amamva kupweteka pang'ono. Ena amangomva kuti amangobaya kapena kuluma. Pambuyo pake, pakhoza kukhala kupindika.

C3 ndi C4 ndizomwe zimayeza kwambiri zowonjezera. Makina othandizira akamatsegulidwa panthawi yotupa, milingo yamapuloteni othandizira imatha kutsika. Ntchito zowonjezera zitha kuyezedwa kuti mudziwe kukula kwa matenda kapena ngati mankhwala akugwira ntchito.

Mayeso othandizira amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunika anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lodziyimira palokha. Mwachitsanzo, anthu omwe ali ndi systemic lupus erythematosus atha kukhala ndi zotsika poyerekeza ndi zabwinobwino zama protein othandizira C3 ndi C4.

Ntchito zowonjezera zimasiyana mthupi lonse. Mwa anthu omwe ali ndi nyamakazi, nyamayi imatha kukhala yachilendo kapena yayikulu-kuposa-yachibadwa m'magazi, koma yotsika kwambiri kuposa yachibadwa mumadzimadzi olowa.

Mitundu yabwinobwino ya C4 ndi mamiligalamu 15 mpaka 45 pa desilita (mg / dL) (0.15 mpaka 0.45 g / L).

Mitengo yamtengo wapatali imatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa ma labotore osiyanasiyana. Lankhulani ndi omwe akukuthandizani za tanthauzo la zotsatira zanu zoyeserera.

Zitsanzo pamwambapa zikuwonetsa muyeso wamba wazotsatira zamayesowa. Ma labotale ena amagwiritsa ntchito miyeso yosiyana kapena amatha kuyesa mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Ntchito zowonjezera zowonjezera zitha kuwoneka mu:

• Khansa
• Zilonda zam'mimba

Kuchepetsa ntchito zowonjezera kumawoneka mu:

• Matenda a bakiteriya (makamaka Neisseria)
• Matenda a chiwindi
• Glomerulonephritis
• Chiwindi
• Cholowa cholowa angioedema
• Kukaniza kukweza impso
• Lupus nephritis
• Kusowa zakudya m'thupi
• Njira lupus erythematosus
• Kawirikawiri timakwaniritsa zoperewera

Zowopsa zomwe zimakhudza kukoka magazi ndizochepa, koma zimatha kuphatikiza:

• Kutaya magazi kwambiri
• Kukomoka kapena kumva mopepuka
• Hematoma (magazi akuchuluka pansi pa khungu)
• Kutenga (chiopsezo chochepa nthawi iliyonse khungu likasweka)

C4

• Kuyezetsa magazi

Holers VM. Kuphatikiza ndi omwe amalandila: kuzindikira kwatsopano ku matenda amunthu. Annu Rev Immunol. 2014; 3: 433-459. PMID: 24499275 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24499275. (Adasankhidwa)

Massey HD, McPherson RA, Huber SA, Jenny NS. Amkhalapakati otupa: wothandizira. Mu: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, olemba., Eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. Wachitatu. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2017: mutu 47.

Morgan BP, Harris CL. Kuphatikizana, cholinga chothandizira matenda opatsirana komanso otupa. Nat Rev Mankhwala Osokoneza bongo. 2015; 14 (2): 857-877. PMID: 26493766 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26493766. (Adasankhidwa)

Merle NS, Mpingo SE, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Roumenina LT. Onjezerani dongosolo gawo I - njira zoyeserera ndi kuwongolera. Kutsogolo Immunol. 2015; 6: 262. PMID: 26082779 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26082779.

Pezani nkhaniyi pa intaneti Merle NS, Noe R, Halbwachs-Mecarelli L, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Roumenina LT. Kuthandizira gawo lachiwiri: gawo loteteza chitetezo. Kutsogolo Immunol. 2015; 6: 257. PMID: 26074922 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26074922. (Adasankhidwa)

Sullivan KE, Grumach AS. Njira yothandizira. Mu: Adkinson NF, Bochner BS, Burks AW, et al, olemba. Ziwombankhanga za Middleton: Mfundo ndi Zochita. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014: mutu 8.