Barbiturates: Ntchito, Mafomu, Zotsatira zoyipa, ndi Zambiri

Zamkati

• Zachidule za ma barbiturates
• Kodi barbiturates ndi chiyani?
• Chifukwa chiyani ma barbiturates amalembedwa?
• Mitundu ya barbiturates
• Zophatikiza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamutu:
• Kodi zotsatira zake zingakhale zotani?
• Kuopsa kotenga barbiturates
• Kuopsa kwa mimba
• Zizindikiro zosiya
• Kodi ndi milandu iti yokhudza ma barbiturates?
• Nthawi yoti mupeze chithandizo chadzidzidzi
• Kodi barbiturates amafanana bwanji ndi benzodiazepines?
• Mfundo yofunika

Barbiturates akhala akuzungulira zaka zoposa 150. Anali otchuka kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 mpaka ma 1970. Ntchito ziwiri zodziwika bwino zinali kugona ndi nkhawa.

Nthawi ina panali mitundu yopitilira 50 ya ma barbiturate omwe amapezeka ku United States. Pamapeto pake, adasinthidwa ndi mankhwala ena chifukwa chazida zachitetezo.

Pemphani kuti muphunzire zamomwe mungagwiritsire ntchito, zovuta, komanso kuopsa kwa ma barbiturates.

Zachidule za ma barbiturates

• Barbiturates ali kawirikawiri ntchito lero. Ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chololerana, kudalira, ndi bongo.
• Gulu la mankhwalawa limatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zazifupi komanso zazitali. Zimatengera mankhwala.
• Malinga ndi National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), mu 2016 panali anthu 409 omwe adafa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi ma barbiturates. Makumi awiri mphambu imodzi anali ndi ma opioid opanga.
• Simungasiye mwadzidzidzi kumwa ma barbiturates mukamagwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi. Itha kuyambitsa zizindikiritso zoopsa zakusiya. Izi zikuphatikizapo chiopsezo cha imfa.

Kodi barbiturates ndi chiyani?

Ma barbiturates amakhumudwitsa ubongo. Amawonjezera gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) muubongo. GABA ndi mankhwala amubongo omwe amachititsa kuti munthu akhale pansi.

Mankhwalawa ndi chizolowezi chopanga. Mutha kukhala ndi kulolerana komanso kudalira ma barbiturates. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mumafunikira ndalama zambiri kuti mukhale ndi zotsatira zofananira. Kuyimitsa mwadzidzidzi mankhwalawa kumayambitsa kusiya.

Kutenga kuchuluka kwa ma barbiturates ndi kowopsa chifukwa mutha kumwa mopitirira muyeso. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe mankhwalawa sanaperekedwe pakadali pano.

Chifukwa chiyani ma barbiturates amalembedwa?

Masiku ano, mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa:

• nkhawa ndi kutengeka kokhudzana ndi opaleshoni (ngati mankhwala ena sagwira ntchito)
• kusowa tulo (kawirikawiri)
• kugwidwa (ngati mankhwala ena sanagwire ntchito)
• mankhwala ochititsa dzanzi
• kupweteka kwa mutu
• zoopsa kuvulala kwaubongo (TBI)

Mitundu ya barbiturates

Ma barbiturates amapezeka mu jakisoni, madzi, piritsi, ndi kapisozi. Amabwera ndimphamvu zosiyanasiyana komanso kuphatikiza.

Barbiturates ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo (DEA) chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito molakwika.

DEA imagawika mankhwala m'magulu asanu a mankhwala, kuyambira Ndandanda I mpaka Ndandanda V. Nambala ya ndandanda ikuwonetsa kuthekera kuti mankhwalawo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ovomerezeka.

Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala a Ndandanda I sanalandirepo chithandizo chamankhwala pano ndipo angathe kuwagwiritsa ntchito molakwika. Ndandanda V mankhwala osokoneza bongo ali ndi mwayi wochepa wogwiritsa ntchito molakwika.

Mayina wamba (generic and brand) a barbiturates ndi awa:

• jakisoni wa amobarbital (Amytal), DEA Ndandanda II
• Piritsi la butabarbital (Butisol), DEA Ndandanda III
• jekeseni wa methohexital (Brevital), DEA Ndandanda IV
• jakisoni wa pentobarbital (Nembutal), DEA Ndandanda II
• secobarbital capsules (Seconal), DEA Ndandanda II
• piritsi la primidone (Mysoline). Izi mankhwala zimapukusidwa kwa phenobarbital. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamavuto olanda ndipo alibe Dongosolo la DEA.

Zophatikiza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamutu:

• butalbital / acetaminophen kapisozi ndi piritsi
• butalbital / acetaminophen / caffeine capsule, piritsi, ndi madzi, DEA Ndandanda III
• butalbital / acetaminophen / caffeine / codeine piritsi (Fioricet yokhala ndi codeine), DEA Ndandanda III
• butalbital / aspirin / piritsi ya caffeine ndi kapisozi (Fiorinal, Lanorinal), DEA Ndandanda III
• butalbital / aspirin / caffeine / codeine capsule (Fiorinal ndi codeine), DEA Ndandanda III

Kodi zotsatira zake zingakhale zotani?

Zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri za barbiturates ndi chizungulire komanso kuwodzera. Ntchito zomwe zimafuna kuti mukhale tcheru, monga kuyendetsa, zitha kukhala zovuta.

Zotsatira zina zimakhala zochepa koma zoopsa kwambiri. Izi zikuphatikiza:

• kuvuta kupuma, kupweteka pachifuwa, kapena kulimba
• zidzolo
• malungo
• kupweteka pamodzi
• kutupa kwa nkhope, milomo, kapena mmero
• kutuluka mwachilendo kapena kuphwanya

Itanani nthawi yomweyo ngati akukumana ndi zotsatirazi.

Zotsatira zina zoyipa ndizo:

• mutu
• chisokonezo
• kupsa mtima
• nkhawa
• kukhumudwa
• kusokonezeka tulo
• kuthamanga kwa magazi
• nseru
• kusanza
• mavuto osamala komanso kuyenda
• mavuto pakulankhula, kusinkhasinkha, ndi kukumbukira

Lankhulani ndi omwe amakuthandizani kuti mukambirane zovuta zilizonse zokhudzana ndi zovuta.

Kuopsa kotenga barbiturates

Zinthu zina zimatha kuonjezera chiwopsezo cha zotsatirapo kapena bongo ndi ntchito ya barbiturate. Izi zikuphatikiza zaka zanu, thanzi lanu, ndi mankhwala ena aliwonse omwe mukumwa.

Ma barbiturates amatha kuwonjezera pazithandizo zina za mankhwala ena. Izi zikuphatikiza:

• mankhwalawa monga antihistamines
• mankhwala opweteka, makamaka ma opioid monga morphine ndi hydrocodone
• mankhwala ogona kapena nkhawa (benzodiazepines)
• mowa
• mankhwala ena omwe amachititsa kuti munthu akhale pansi kapena atagona

Gulu la mankhwalawa siligwiritsidwe ntchito masiku ano chifukwa mankhwala atsopano ali ndi mbiri yabwino yachitetezo.

Ma barbiturates ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu poyerekeza ndi maubwino. Anthu omwe adalemba mankhwalawa ayenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala kuti asapewe zovuta.

Kuopsa kwa mimba

Pali zoopsa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi barbiturate panthawi yapakati. Mankhwalawa nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira zina zamankhwala sizikupezeka.

Okalamba ambiri akhazikitsa ubale pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa barbiturate panthawi yapakati ndi zovuta zakubadwa. Ana amatha kukhala ndi kukula ndikukula ngati atakumana ndi barbiturates nthawi yayitali panthawi yapakati.

Makanda amathanso kubadwa atadalira ma barbiturates ndipo amakhala ndi matendawa atabadwa.

Nyama yomwe imapezeka pamagulu obadwa kumene imayambitsa mavuto muubongo. Mankhwala (pentobarbital) adakhudza kuphunzira, kukumbukira, ndi ntchito zina zofunika.

Zizindikiro zosiya

Barbiturates amatha kupha ngati atayimitsidwa mwadzidzidzi. Kuthana ndi zovuta kumatengera thanzi la munthu, zovuta zina zomwe angakhale nazo, ndi mankhwala ena omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ngati mwakhala mukumwa barbiturate, onetsetsani kuti mwalankhula ndi dokotala musanayimitse mankhwalawo.

Zizindikiro zina zochotsa ma barbiturate ndi monga:

• nseru ndi kusanza
• kukokana m'mimba
• kukhumudwa, kuda nkhawa, kapena kusakhazikika
• Kuvuta kugona, kusinkhasinkha, ndikuwunika
• mavuto amtima
• kutentha thupi
• kugwidwa
• kunjenjemera
• delirium
• kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo

Pazizindikiro zazikulu zakusiya, mungafunike kuyang'aniridwa kuchipatala mpaka mankhwalawo atatuluka m'thupi lanu. Izi zitha kutenga masiku angapo.

Kodi ndi milandu iti yokhudza ma barbiturates?

Barbiturates amapezeka pamankhwala olembedwa m'magulu atatu amachitidwe a DEA. Izi zimadalira kuthekera kwawo kuzolowera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika.

Amagwiritsidwabe ntchito movomerezeka mchipatala chifukwa cha anesthesia, sedation, TBI, khunyu, ndi milandu ina yosankhidwa. Amaperekedwanso kwa mutu komanso kugona ngati mankhwala ena sanagwire ntchito.

Komabe, ma barbiturates akadali kudzera munjira zosavomerezeka. Kugwiritsa ntchito mosaloledwa kwadzetsa imfa ya anthu ambiri chifukwa mankhwalawa ndi owopsa podzichiritsa. Kuopsa kumakulirakulira pamene ma barbiturates aphatikizidwa ndi mowa, ma opioid, benzodiazepines ngati diazepam, kapena mankhwala ena.

Ma barbiturate akugwiritsidwabe ntchito m'maiko ambiri chifukwa ndiotsika mtengo. Ichi ndi chifukwa chimodzi chomwe amapezekabe. Amapezekanso kudzera kumagwero owona za ziweto ndi malo opangira kafukufuku.

Kugula pa intaneti ndi njira ina yosavomerezeka ya ma barbiturates. Amabwera kwambiri chifukwa mankhwalawa amatha kapena atha kuipitsidwa ndi zinthu zina.

Ndizosaloledwa kugula kapena kugwiritsa ntchito barbiturates popanda mankhwala akuchipatala. Pali zilango zaboma ndi boma pogula, kugulitsa, kapena kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Nthawi yoti mupeze chithandizo chadzidzidzi

Ma barbiturates sagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri masiku ano chifukwa chazovuta zawo zotetezedwa pazowonjezera. Zinthu zambiri zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale pachiwopsezo cha bongo.

Izi zikuphatikiza:

• mankhwala ena omwe amakhumudwitsa ubongo, monga ma opioid ndi benzodiazepines
• mowa, zomwe zingachedwetse kuchotsa mankhwala ndikupangitsa kuti thupi liziwonjezeka
• Mbiri yakukhumudwa, malingaliro ofuna kudzipha, kapena matenda amisala
• Mbiri ya vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo
• mavuto opuma, monga mphumu, matenda am'mapapo, ndi emphysema
• mavuto amtima
• mavuto a impso kapena chiwindi, zomwe zingayambitse mankhwalawa mthupi
• zaka, zomwe zingakhudze chiopsezo pazotsatira zoyipa

Pakhoza kukhala zifukwa zina zomwe mumayankhira mwamphamvu ku barbiturates. Onetsetsani kuti mukukambirana zaumoyo wanu ndi mbiri yanu yazaumoyo.

Imbani 911 kapena nambala yanu yadzidzidzi nthawi yomweyo ngati inu kapena munthu wina yemwe mumamudziwa watenga barbiturate wambiri kapena ngati muli ndi izi:

• Kusinza kwambiri
• kuyankhula molakwika
• kufooka kwambiri kapena kutopa
• kupuma pang'ono
• chisokonezo
• vuto ndi mgwirizano ndi kulingalira
• kugunda kwamtima pang'onopang'ono
• kutembenukira buluu
• kutsika kwa kutentha kwa thupi

Palibe mankhwala obwezeretsa pochiza bongo wa barbiturate. Makala oyambitsidwa atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo mthupi. Zina mwazinthu zimaphatikizapo kukonza njira yapaulendo, kuzungulira, komanso kupuma.

Kodi barbiturates amafanana bwanji ndi benzodiazepines?

Ma barbiturates asinthidwa ndi benzodiazepines monga alprazolam (Xanax) ndi diazepam (Valium) kuti athetse nkhawa komanso kugona tulo. Amakhala ndi zovuta zochepa pomwe amapatsidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito kunyumba poyerekeza ndi barbiturates.

Benzodiazepines imagwiranso ntchito yofananira ndikuwonjezera zochitika za GABA muubongo. Amapanga bata kapena kupumula. Koma ngati agwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi barbiturates, atha kuonjezera chiwopsezo cha bongo.

Benzodiazepines amakhalanso ndi chizolowezi akagwiritsa ntchito kwakanthawi. Ali ndi zovuta zomwezo komanso zoopsa zakugwiritsa ntchito molakwika. Benzodiazepines ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakanthawi kochepa.

Mfundo yofunika

Barbiturates adadziwika kuyambira koyambirira kwa ma 1900 mpaka ma 1970. Panalibe njira zochepa zamankhwala zochizira kukomoka, kuda nkhawa, komanso kugona tulo.

Madokotala anasiya kuwagwiritsa ntchito akamagwiritsa ntchito molakwika komanso kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa nthawi. Ma barbiturate sagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano, ndipo mankhwala otetezeka alipo.

Komabe, ma barbiturates akugwiritsidwabe ntchito molakwika masiku ano. Zowopsa zakufa mopitirira muyeso zimawonjezeka zikagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi mowa, ma opioid, benzodiazepines, kapena mankhwala ena.

Ma barbiturates amafunika kuwunikira mosamala chifukwa cha chiwopsezo cha bongo ndipo sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kuyang'aniridwa ndi adotolo.