Kodi Khansa ya Pakhosi Ndi Chiyani?

Zamkati

• Mitundu ya khansa yapakhosi
• Kuzindikira zisonyezo za khansa yapakhosi
• Zomwe zimayambitsa komanso zoopsa za khansa yapakhosi
• Kuzindikira khansa yapakhosi
• Khansa yapakhosi ya khosi
• Kuyesa mayeso
• Kujambula kwamaginito (MRI)
• Positron emission tomography (kusanthula kwa PET)
• Kujambula tomography (CT scan)
• Kumeza kwa Barium
• X-ray pachifuwa
• Njira zochizira khansa yapakhosi
• Opaleshoni
• Thandizo la radiation
• Chemotherapy
• Chithandizo chofuna
• Kuchira pambuyo pa chithandizo
• Kuwona kwa nthawi yayitali khansa yapakhosi
• Kupewa khansa yapakhosi
• Khansa ya pakhosi: Q & A.
• Funso:
• Yankho:

Kodi khansa yapakhosi ndi chiyani?

Khansa ndi gulu la matenda momwe maselo achilendo amachulukana ndikugawikana mosalamulirika mthupi. Maselo achilendowa amapanga zophuka zoyipa zotchedwa zotupa.

Khansara ya mmero imatanthawuza khansa ya mawu amawu, zingwe zamawu, ndi mbali zina za pakhosi, monga zilonda zam'mimba ndi oropharynx. Khansara ya m'mero ​​nthawi zambiri imagawika m'magulu awiri: khansa ya kholingo ndi khansa ya m'mapapo.

Khansa ya pakhosi siyachilendo poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya khansa. National Cancer Institute ikuyerekeza kuti mwa achikulire ku United States:

• Pafupifupi 1.2% amapezeka ndi khansa yam'kamwa komanso khansa yam'mimba mkati mwa moyo wawo.
• pafupifupi 0.3% adzapezeka ndi khansa yam'mapapo m'moyo wawo.

Mitundu ya khansa yapakhosi

Ngakhale kuti khansa yonse yapakhosi imakhudza kukula ndi kukula kwa maselo achilendo, dokotala wanu ayenera kuzindikira mtundu wanu kuti adziwe njira yabwino kwambiri yothandizira.

Mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya khansa yapakhosi ndi iyi:

• Squamous cell carcinoma. Khansara yamtunduwu imakhudza ma cell apansi olowera pakhosi. Ndi khansa yapakhosi yofala kwambiri ku United States.
• Adenocarcinoma. Khansara yamtunduwu imakhudza ma cell am'mimbamo ndipo ndiyosowa.

Magulu awiri a khansa yapakhosi ndi awa:

• Khansara ya kholingo. Khansara iyi imayamba mu kholingo, lomwe ndi chubu loboola lomwe limayambira kuseri kwa mphuno zanu kupita pamwamba pamphepo yanu. Khansa ya khosi yomwe imayamba m'khosi ndi kukhosi ndi awa:
  • khansa ya nasopharynx (kumtunda kwa mmero)
  • khansa ya oropharynx (pakati pakhosi)
  • khansa ya hypopharynx (pansi pammero)
  • Khansara ya laryngeal. Khansara iyi imapanga kholingo, lomwe ndi mawu anu.

Kuzindikira zisonyezo za khansa yapakhosi

Kungakhale kovuta kuzindikira khansa yapakhosi idayamba kumene. Zizindikiro zodziwika bwino za khansa yapakhosi ndi monga:

• sinthani mawu anu
• vuto kumeza (dysphagia)
• kuonda
• chikhure
• Kufunika kotsuka kukhosi kwanu nthawi zonse
• kutsokomola kosalekeza (kumatha kutsokomola magazi)
• zotupa zam'mimba zotupa pakhosi
• kupuma
• khutu kupweteka
• ukali

Pangani kusankhidwa kwa dokotala ngati muli ndi zina mwazizindikirozi ndipo sizikusintha pakatha milungu iwiri kapena itatu.

Zomwe zimayambitsa komanso zoopsa za khansa yapakhosi

Amuna amatha kutenga khansa yapakhosi kuposa akazi.

Zizolowezi zina pamoyo zimawonjezera chiopsezo chokhala ndi khansa yapakhosi, kuphatikiza:

• kusuta
• kumwa mowa kwambiri
• kusadya bwino
• kukhudzana ndi asibesito
• ukhondo wamano
• ma syndromes amtundu

Khansa yapakhosi imalumikizidwanso ndi mitundu ina yamatenda a papillomavirus a anthu (HPV). HPV ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Matenda a HPV ndi chiopsezo cha khansa ina ya oropharyngeal, malinga ndi Cancer Treatment Centers of America.

Khansa yapakhosi yalumikizananso ndi mitundu ina ya khansa. M'malo mwake, anthu ena omwe amapezeka ndi khansa yapakhosi amapezeka ndi khansa ya m'mimba, m'mapapo, kapena chikhodzodzo nthawi yomweyo. Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa chakuti khansa ili ndi zifukwa zomwezo.

Kuzindikira khansa yapakhosi

Mukasankhidwa, dokotala wanu adzakufunsani za zidziwitso zanu komanso mbiri yazachipatala. Ngati mwakhala mukukumana ndi zizindikilo monga zilonda zapakhosi, kuuma, ndi kutsokomola kosalekeza popanda kusintha komanso kulongosola kwina, atha kukayikira khansa yapakhosi.

Kuti muwone ngati muli ndi khansa yapakhosi, dokotala wanu azikupatsani laryngoscopy mwachindunji kapena yosakhudzana kapena adzakutumizirani kwa katswiri kuti achite izi.

Laryngoscopy imamupatsa dokotala chithunzi chakumaso kwanu. Ngati mayeserowa akuwonetsa zovuta, dokotala wanu atenga zitsanzo (zotchedwa biopsy) pakhosi panu ndikuyesa khansa.

Dokotala wanu angakulimbikitseni imodzi mwazinthu zotsatirazi:

• Zolemba wamba. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, dokotala wanu amadula ndi kuchotsa chidutswa cha minofu. Biopsy yamtunduwu imachitika mchipinda chogwiritsira ntchito pansi pa anesthesia wamba.
• Kulakalaka bwino kwa singano (FNA). Pa biopsy iyi, dokotala wanu amalowetsa singano yopyapyala mwachindunji mu chotupa kuti achotse maselo oyeserera.
• Kutulutsa kosatha. Kuti muchotse nyemba pogwiritsa ntchito endoscope, dokotala wanu amalowetsa chubu chofiyira, chotalikilapo pakamwa panu, mphuno, kapena cheke.

Khansa yapakhosi ya khosi

Ngati dokotala wanu atapeza khansa yapakhosi pakhosi panu, ayitanitsa mayeso ena kuti azindikire kukula kwa khansa yanu. Magawo amachokera ku 0 mpaka 4:

• Gawo 0: Chotupacho chimangokhala pamwamba pa maselo am'mimba yomwe yakhudzidwa.
• Gawo 1: Chotupacho sichichepera 2 cm ndipo chimangokhala gawo la pakhosi pomwe chidayambira.
• Gawo 2: Chotupacho chili pakati pa 2 ndi 4 cm kapena mwina chakulira kudera lapafupi.
• Gawo 3: Chotupacho chimakhala chachikulu kuposa masentimita 4 kapena chakula kukhala mapangidwe ena pakhosi kapena chafalikira ku lymph node imodzi.
• Gawo 4: Chotupacho chafalikira kumatenda am'mimba kapena ziwalo zakutali.

Kuyesa mayeso

Dokotala wanu amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso osiyanasiyana kuti apange khansa yapakhosi. Kujambula mayeso pachifuwa, khosi, ndi mutu kumatha kupereka chithunzi chabwino cha matendawa. Mayesowa atha kuphatikizira izi.

Kujambula kwamaginito (MRI)

Kuyesa kulingalira uku kumagwiritsa ntchito mawailesi ndi maginito amphamvu kuti apange zithunzi zamkati mwa khosi lanu. MRI imayang'ana zotupa ndipo imatha kudziwa ngati khansa yafalikira mbali zina za thupi.

Mugona mu chubu chopapatiza pomwe makinawo amapanga zithunzi. Kutalika kwa mayeso kumasiyana koma nthawi zambiri sikutenga nthawi yopitilira ola limodzi.

Positron emission tomography (kusanthula kwa PET)

KUSANTHULA PET kumakhudza kupaka mtundu wa utoto wa radioactive m'magazi. Kujambulaku kumapanga zithunzi za malo oletsa kutentha kwa thupi m'thupi lanu. Mayeso amtunduwu amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ali ndi khansa yayikulu.

Kujambula tomography (CT scan)

Kuyesa kolingalira uku kumagwiritsa ntchito ma X-ray kuti apange chithunzi cha thupi lanu. Kujambula kwa CT kumapangitsanso zithunzi zofewa ndi ziwalo.

Kujambula uku kumathandiza dokotala kudziwa kukula kwa chotupa. Zimathandizanso kudziwa ngati chotupacho chafalikira m'malo osiyanasiyana, monga ma lymph node ndi mapapo.

Kumeza kwa Barium

Dokotala wanu angakuuzeni kuti kumeza barium ngati mukuvutika kumeza. Mudzamwa madzi akuda kuti muvale pakhosi ndi pammero. Kuyesaku kumapanga zithunzi za X-ray zapakhosi ndi pammero.

X-ray pachifuwa

Ngati dokotala akukayikira kuti khansara yafalikira m'mapapu anu, mufunika X-ray pachifuwa kuti muone ngati muli ndi vuto linalake.

Njira zochizira khansa yapakhosi

Pa chithandizo chonse, muzigwira ntchito limodzi ndi akatswiri osiyanasiyana. Akatswiriwa ndi awa:

• oncologist, amene amachita opaleshoni monga kuchotsa zotupa
• oncologist wa radiation, yemwe amachiza khansa yanu pogwiritsa ntchito radiation
• dokotala wamatenda, yemwe amafufuza zitsanzo za minofu kuchokera ku biopsy yanu

Ngati muli ndi biopsy kapena opareshoni, mudzakhalanso ndi anesthesiologist yemwe amayang'anira ochititsa dzanzi ndikuwunika momwe zinthu zilili panthawiyi.

Njira zochiritsira khansa yapakhosi zimaphatikizapo opaleshoni, chithandizo cha radiation, ndi chemotherapy. Njira yothandizira ndi dokotala wanu idzadalira kukula kwa matenda anu, mwazinthu zina.

Opaleshoni

Ngati chotupa pakhosi panu ndi chaching'ono, dokotala wanu amatha kuchotsa chotupacho. Kuchita opaleshoniyi kumachitika mchipatala mukakhala pansi. Dokotala wanu angakulimbikitseni imodzi mwa njira zotsatirazi:

• Opaleshoni ya endoscopic. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito endoscope (chubu chachitali chochepa kwambiri chokhala ndi kuwala ndi kamera kumapeto) momwe zida zochitira opaleshoni kapena lasers zitha kuperekedwera pochiza khansa yoyambirira.
• Cordectomy. Njirayi imachotsa zingwe zonse kapena gawo lanu la zingwe.
• Laryngectomy. Njirayi imachotsa mawu anu onse kapena gawo limodzi, kutengera kukula kwa khansa. Anthu ena amatha kulankhula bwinobwino atachitidwa opaleshoni. Ena aphunzira momwe angalankhulire popanda mawu.
• Pharyngectomy. Njirayi imachotsa gawo lina pakhosi panu.
• Kusokoneza khosi. Ngati khansa yapakhosi imafalikira m'khosi, dokotala akhoza kuchotsa zina zam'mimba zanu.

Thandizo la radiation

Pambuyo pochotsa chotupacho, adokotala angakulimbikitseni chithandizo cha radiation. Thandizo la radiation limagwiritsa ntchito cheza champhamvu kwambiri kuwononga maselo owopsa a khansa. Imafikira maselo aliwonse a khansa omwe adatsalira ndi chotupacho. Mitundu ya mankhwalawa ndi awa:

• Mphamvu-modulated radiotherapy ndi 3D-conformal radiation therapy. Mu mitundu yonse iwiri yamankhwala, matabwa a radiation amayenderana ndi chotupacho. Iyi ndiyo njira yofala kwambiri ya radiation yomwe imaperekedwa kwa khansa ya m'mapapo ndi hypopharyngeal.
• Brachytherapy. Mbeu zamagetsi zimaikidwa mwachindunji mkati mwa chotupacho kapena pafupi ndi chotupacho. Ngakhale mtundu uwu wa radiation ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa khansa ya m'mphako ndi hypopharyngeal, ndizosowa.

Chemotherapy

Pankhani ya zotupa zazikulu ndi zotupa zomwe zafalikira kumatenda am'mimba ndi ziwalo zina kapena minofu, dokotala wanu angakulimbikitseni chemotherapy komanso radiation. Chemotherapy ndi mankhwala omwe amapha ndikuchepetsa kukula kwa maselo owopsa.

Chithandizo chofuna

Njira zochiritsira zomwe tikulimbana nazo ndi mankhwala omwe amaletsa kufalikira ndikukula kwamaselo a khansa posokoneza ma molekyulu omwe amachititsa kuti chotupa chikule. Mtundu umodzi wamankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa yapakhosi ndi cetuximab (Erbitux).

Mitundu ina yamankhwala omwe akuwatsata akufufuzidwa m'mayesero azachipatala. Dokotala wanu angakulimbikitseni mankhwalawa limodzi ndi chemotherapy wamba ndi radiation.

Kuchira pambuyo pa chithandizo

Anthu ena omwe ali ndi khansa yapakhosi amafuna chithandizo atalandira chithandizo kuti adziwe momwe angalankhulire. Izi zitha kupitilizidwa pogwira ntchito ndi othandizira pakulankhula komanso othandizira.

Kuphatikiza apo, anthu ena omwe ali ndi khansa yapakhosi amakumana ndi zovuta. Izi zingaphatikizepo:

• zovuta kumeza
• Kuwonongeka kwa khosi kapena nkhope
• kulephera kulankhula
• kuvuta kupuma
• khungu kuuma pakhosi

Othandizira pantchito atha kuthandizira pakuvuta kumeza. Mutha kukambirana za opaleshoni yomanga ndi dokotala ngati muli ndi vuto la nkhope kapena khosi mukatha opaleshoni.

Kuwona kwa nthawi yayitali khansa yapakhosi

Khansa yapakhosi ikapezeka msanga, imapulumuka kwambiri.

Khansara ya mmero sangachiritsidwe kamodzi kokha ngati maselo owopsa afalikira mbali zina za thupi kupitirira khosi ndi mutu. Komabe, omwe amapezeka atha kupitiliza chithandizo kuti atalikitse moyo wawo ndikuchepetsa kukula kwa matendawa.

Kupewa khansa yapakhosi

Palibe njira yotsimikizika yopewera khansa yapakhosi, koma mutha kuchitapo kanthu kuti muchepetse chiopsezo chanu:

• Lekani kusuta. Gwiritsani ntchito zotsatsa monga mankhwala osuta a nicotine kuti musiye kusuta, kapena lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu zamankhwala akuchipatala okuthandizani kusiya.
• Kuchepetsa kumwa mowa. Amuna sayenera kumwa zakumwa zoledzeretsa zosapitilira ziwiri patsiku, ndipo azimayi sayenera kumwa mowa wopitilira umodzi patsiku.
• Sungani a moyo wathanzi. Idyani zipatso zambiri, ndiwo zamasamba, ndi nyama zowonda. Chepetsani kudya kwamafuta ndi sodium ndikuchitapo kanthu kuti muchepetse kunenepa kwambiri. Chitani masewera olimbitsa thupi osachepera maola 2.5 pa sabata.
• Kuchepetsa chiopsezo chanu cha HPV. Vutoli lalumikizidwa ndi khansa yapakhosi. Kuti mudziteteze, gonana moyenera. Komanso lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu za phindu la katemera wa HPV.

Khansa ya pakhosi: Q & A.

Funso:

Kodi khansa ya m'mero ​​ndi yotengera?

Yankho:

Khansa zambiri zapakhosi nthawi zambiri zimakhudzana ndi kusuta osati cholowa, pokhapokha ngati abale awo amakonda kusuta. Kunja kwa kholingo, majini angapo obadwa nawo amatengera ziwopsezo kubanja. Anthu ena amatengera kusintha kwa DNA kuchokera kwa makolo awo zomwe zimawonjezera chiopsezo chotenga khansa. Masinthidwe obadwa nawo a oncogenes kapena majeremusi opondereza chotupa samayambitsa khansa yapakhosi, koma anthu ena amawoneka kuti ali ndi mwayi wochepa wowononga mitundu ina ya mankhwala oyambitsa khansa. Anthu awa amakhala omvera pazovuta zoyambitsa khansa za utsi wa fodya, mowa, komanso mankhwala ena apakampani.