Mitundu 6 Yomwe Amakonda Kudya (ndi Zizindikiro Zawo)

Zamkati

• Kodi vuto la kudya ndi chiyani?
• Nchiyani chimayambitsa iwo?
• 1. Matenda a anorexia
• 2. Bulimia mantha
• 3. Kudya kwambiri
• 4. Pica
• 5. Matenda opumira
• 6. Pewani / kupewa kudya chakudya
• Mavuto ena akudya
• Mfundo yofunika

Ngakhale mawu oti kudya ali mdzina, zovuta zakudya sizaposa chakudya. Ndiwo zovuta zamavuto amisala zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafuna kulowererapo kwa akatswiri azachipatala ndi zamaganizidwe kuti asinthe njira yawo.

Matendawa amafotokozedwa mu American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disways, mtundu wachisanu (DSM-5).

Ku United States kokha, azimayi pafupifupi 20 miliyoni ndi amuna 10 miliyoni adakhala kapena ali ndi vuto lakudya nthawi ina m'moyo wawo (1).

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yamatenda omwe amapezeka kwambiri komanso zizindikilo zake.

Kodi vuto la kudya ndi chiyani?

Mavuto akudya ndimikhalidwe yamaganizidwe osiyanasiyana yomwe imayambitsa zizolowezi zosadya bwino. Amatha kuyamba ndikulakalaka kwambiri chakudya, thupi, kapena mawonekedwe amthupi.

M'mavuto akulu, vuto la kudya limatha kubweretsa zovuta m'thupi ndipo limatha kubweretsa imfa ngati silichiritsidwa.

Omwe ali ndi vuto lakudya akhoza kukhala ndi zizindikilo zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, zambiri zimaphatikizira kuletsa zakudya, ma binges a zakudya, kapena kuyeretsa monga kusanza kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi.

Ngakhale kuti vuto la kudya limatha kukhudza anthu amtundu uliwonse munthawi iliyonse ya moyo, nthawi zambiri amafotokozedwa mwa achinyamata ndi atsikana. M'malo mwake, mpaka 13% ya achinyamata amatha kukhala ndi vuto limodzi pakudya ali ndi zaka 20 ().

Chidule Mavuto akudya ndi matenda amisala omwe amadziwika kuti amakonda kwambiri chakudya kapena mawonekedwe amthupi. Zitha kukhudza aliyense koma ndizofala kwambiri pakati pa atsikana.

Nchiyani chimayambitsa iwo?

Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti vuto la kudya limayamba chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Chimodzi mwa izi ndi chibadwa. Kafukufuku wamaphunziro awiri okhudzana ndi mapasa omwe analekanitsidwa pobadwa ndikuvomerezedwa ndi mabanja osiyanasiyana amapereka umboni woti zovuta zakudya zimatha kukhala zobadwa nazo.

Kafukufuku wamtunduwu awonetsa kuti ngati mapasa amodzi atha kukhala ndi vuto lakudya, winayo ali ndi mwayi woti nawonso atha kukhala nawo, pafupifupi ().

Makhalidwe ena ndi chifukwa china. Makamaka, kutengeka mtima, kuchita zinthu mosalakwitsa, komanso kutengeka mtima ndi mikhalidwe itatu yomwe nthawi zambiri imalumikizidwa ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi vuto lakudya ().

Zina mwazomwe zingayambitse zikuphatikiza zovuta zomwe zimawoneka kuti ndizochepa thupi, zokonda zachikhalidwe zakuwonda, komanso kuwonetsa atolankhani omwe amalimbikitsa malingaliro amenewo ().

M'malo mwake, zovuta zina zodyera zimawoneka kuti sizipezeka kwambiri pazikhalidwe zomwe sizinakhudzidwe ndi malingaliro aku Western of thinness ().

Izi zati, malingaliro ovomerezeka pachikhalidwe amafalikira amapezeka m'malo ambiri padziko lapansi. Komabe, m'maiko ena, ndi anthu ochepa omwe amakhala ndi vuto la kudya. Chifukwa chake, mwina amayamba chifukwa chosakanikirana.

Posachedwapa, akatswiri akuti kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka ubongo ndi biology kumathandizanso pakukula kwa zovuta zakudya.

Makamaka, kuchuluka kwa amithenga am'mitsempha ya serotonin ndi dopamine kumatha kukhala zinthu zina (5, 6).

Komabe, maphunziro ena amafunikira asanapange mayankho olimba.

Chidule Matenda akadyedwe angayambidwe ndi zinthu zingapo. Izi zikuphatikiza ma genetics, biology yaubongo, mawonekedwe, komanso malingaliro azikhalidwe.

1. Matenda a anorexia

Anorexia nervosa ndiye vuto lodziwika bwino kwambiri pakudya.

Amakula nthawi yaunyamata kapena unyamata ndipo amakhudza azimayi ambiri kuposa amuna ().

Anthu omwe amadwala anorexia nthawi zambiri amadziona kuti ndi onenepa kwambiri, ngakhale atakhala onenepa kwambiri. Amayang'anitsitsa kulemera kwawo, kupewa kudya zakudya zina, komanso amaletsa kwambiri ma calories.

Zizindikiro zofala za anorexia nervosa zimaphatikizapo (8):

• kukhala wonenepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi anthu azaka ndi msinkhu wofanana
• oletsa kudya kwambiri
• mantha akulu onenepa kapena mikhalidwe yopitilira kupewa kunenepa, ngakhale atakhala wonenepa
• kufunafuna kosalekeza kuchepa thupi komanso kusafuna kukhala ndi thanzi labwino
• chisonkhezero cholemera cholemera thupi kapena mawonekedwe amthupi podzidalira
• chithunzi cholakwika cha thupi, kuphatikiza kukana kunenepa kwambiri

Zizindikiro zongokakamiza zimapezekanso. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ambiri omwe amadwala anorexia nthawi zambiri amakhala otanganidwa ndi malingaliro okhalabe okhudzana ndi chakudya, ndipo ena amatha kutolera maphikidwe kapena kusungira chakudya.

Anthu oterewa amathanso kukhala ndi vuto lodyera pagulu ndikuwonetsa chidwi chofuna kuwongolera chilengedwe chawo, kuwachepetsera mwayi wokhazikika.

Anorexia imagawidwa m'magulu awiri - mtundu woletsa komanso kudya kwambiri komanso kuyeretsa (8).

Anthu omwe ali ndi mtundu woletsa amataya thupi pongodya, kusala kudya, kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi.

Anthu omwe amakonda kudya kwambiri komanso kuyeretsa amatha kudya kwambiri kapena kudya pang'ono. Nthawi zonse, atadya, amatsuka ntchito monga kusanza, kumwa mankhwala otsegulitsa m'mimba kapena okodzetsa, kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi.

Anorexia ikhoza kuwononga thupi. Popita nthawi, anthu omwe amakhala ndi matendawa amatha kuchepa mafupa, kusabereka, tsitsi losalala komanso misomali, ndikumera kwa ubweya wabwino mthupi lawo lonse (9).

Pazovuta kwambiri, anorexia imatha kubweretsa kulephera kwa mtima, ubongo, kapena ziwalo zingapo komanso kufa.

Chidule Anthu omwe ali ndi anorexia nervosa amatha kuchepetsa kudya kapena kulipirira chifukwa cha kuyeretsa. Amakhala ndi mantha akulu onenepa, ngakhale atakhala onenepa kwambiri.

2. Bulimia mantha

Bulimia nervosa ndi matenda enanso odziwika bwino odyera.

Monga anorexia, bulimia imayamba kukulira unyamata komanso ukadali wachinyamata ndipo imawoneka ngati yosazolowereka pakati pa amuna kuposa akazi ().

Anthu omwe ali ndi bulimia amakonda kudya chakudya chochuluka modabwitsa munthawi inayake.

Chakudya chilichonse chomwa mowa mwauchidakwa chimapitilira mpaka munthuyo atakhuta. Pakudya pang'ono, munthu nthawi zambiri amamva kuti sangathe kusiya kudya kapena kuwongolera momwe akudya.

Binges imatha kuchitika ndi chakudya chamtundu uliwonse koma chimakonda kupezeka ndi zakudya zomwe munthu amapewa.

Anthu omwe ali ndi bulimia amayesa kuyeretsa kuti alipire zomwe zidadya ndikuchepetsa m'matumbo.

Zizolowezi zodziyeretsa zimaphatikizira kusanza mokakamiza, kusala kudya, kumwa mankhwala otsegulitsa m'mimba, okodzetsa, enemas, komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri.

Zizindikiro zitha kuwoneka zofananira kwambiri ndi zomwe zimachitika pakudya kwambiri kapena kuyeretsa magawo ang'onoang'ono a anorexia nervosa. Komabe, anthu omwe ali ndi bulimia nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa thupi, m'malo mokhala onenepa.

Zizindikiro zodziwika za bulimia nervosa zimaphatikizapo (8):

• Magawo obwerezabwereza akudya mopitirira muyeso ndikumverera kuti sangathe kulamulira
• zigawo zobwerezabwereza zamakhalidwe oyipa osayeretsa kupewa kunenepa
• kudzidalira mopambanitsa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amthupi ndi kulemera kwake
• kuopa kunenepa, ngakhale mutakhala wonenepa

Zotsatira zoyipa za bulimia zimatha kuphatikizira zotupa komanso zotupa zapakhosi, zotupa zamatenda zotupa, enamel ya mano, kuwola kwa mano, asidi reflux, kukwiya kwa m'matumbo, kuchepa kwa madzi m'thupi, komanso kusokonezeka kwamahomoni (9).

Zikakhala zovuta kwambiri, bulimia imatha kupangitsanso kusalinganika kwama mulingo a ma electrolyte, monga sodium, potaziyamu, ndi calcium. Izi zimatha kuyambitsa sitiroko kapena matenda amtima.

Chidule Anthu omwe ali ndi bulimia nervosa amadya chakudya chochuluka munthawi yochepa, kenako amatsuka. Amaopa kunenepa ngakhale atakhala onenepa.

3. Kudya kwambiri

Vuto lakudya kwambiri limakhulupirira kuti ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri pakudya, makamaka ku United States ().

Imayamba nthawi yaunyamata komanso munthu wamkulu, ngakhale itha kukula pambuyo pake.

Anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli ali ndi zizindikilo zofanana ndi za bulimia kapena kudya pang'ono kwa anorexia.

Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri amadya chakudya chochuluka modabwitsa munthawi yochepa ndipo amadzimva kuti satha kuyendetsa bwino nthawi yomwe amadya.

Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lodyera samangoletsa zopatsa mphamvu kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zizolowezi zotsuka, monga kusanza kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kuti athe kulipira ngongole zawo.

Zizindikiro zofala za matenda osokoneza bongo zimaphatikizapo (8):

• kudya zakudya zambiri mofulumira, mobisa komanso mpaka kukhuta mosatekeseka, ngakhale osamva njala
• kumva kusowa kwamphamvu panthaŵi yomwe akudya kwambiri
• kumva kupsinjika, monga manyazi, kunyansidwa, kapena kudzimva waliwongo, mukamaganizira za kudya kwambiri
• osagwiritsa ntchito zizolowezi zotsuka, monga kuletsa kalori, kusanza, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ofewetsa tuvi tolimba kapena okodzetsa, kuti mumalize kubetcha

Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kudya kwambiri amakhala onenepa kwambiri kapena onenepa kwambiri. Izi zitha kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha zovuta zamankhwala zolumikizidwa ndi kunenepa kwambiri, monga matenda amtima, sitiroko, ndi mtundu wa 2 shuga ().

Chidule Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lakumwa mopitirira muyeso amadya chakudya chochuluka munthawi yochepa. Mosiyana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lina lakudya, samatsuka.

4. Pica

Pica ndi vuto linanso lakudya lomwe limakhudzana ndi kudya zinthu zomwe sizimawoneka ngati chakudya.

Anthu omwe ali ndi pica amalakalaka zakudya zopanda chakudya, monga ayezi, dothi, dothi, choko, sopo, pepala, tsitsi, nsalu, ubweya, miyala, miyala yotsuka, kapena chimanga (8).

Pica imatha kuchitika mwa akulu, komanso ana ndi achinyamata. Izi zati, matendawa amapezeka kwambiri mwa ana, amayi apakati, komanso anthu olumala ().

Anthu omwe ali ndi pica atha kukhala pachiwopsezo chowopsa cha poyizoni, matenda, kuvulala m'matumbo, komanso kuperewera kwa zakudya. Kutengera ndi zinthu zomwe zimamwa, pica itha kupha.

Komabe, kuti tiwoneke ngati pica, kudya zinthu zopanda chakudya sikuyenera kukhala chikhalidwe kapena chipembedzo cha wina aliyense. Kuphatikiza apo, sikuyenera kuonedwa kuti ndi chikhalidwe chovomerezeka ndi anzawo.

Chidule Anthu omwe ali ndi pica amakonda kulakalaka ndikudya zopanda zakudya. Vutoli limakhudza makamaka ana, amayi apakati, komanso anthu olumala.

5. Matenda opumira

Vuto lakuwuka ndi vuto linanso lodziwika kumene lakudya.

Ikulongosola momwe munthu amabwezeretsanso chakudya chomwe adafunafuna kale ndikuchimeza, kuchimasula, kenako nkuchimeza kapena kuchilavulira ().

Mphunoyi imapezeka mkati mwa mphindi 30 zoyambirira mutadya. Mosiyana ndi zovuta zamankhwala monga Reflux, ndizodzifunira (14).

Vutoli limatha kuyambira ali wakhanda, ali mwana, kapena atakula. Kwa makanda, imayamba kukula pakati pa miyezi 3-12 ndipo nthawi zambiri imasowa payokha. Ana ndi akulu omwe ali ndi vutoli nthawi zambiri amafunikira chithandizo kuti athetse vutoli.

Ngati sichingathetsedwe mwa makanda, vuto lotuluka kumatha kubweretsa kuchepa thupi komanso kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi komwe kumatha kupha.

Akuluakulu omwe ali ndi vutoli amatha kuletsa kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe amadya, makamaka pagulu. Izi zitha kuwapangitsa kuti achepetse thupi ndikukhala onenepa kwambiri (8, 14).

Chidule Matenda opatsirana amatha kukhudza anthu m'magawo onse amoyo. Anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli nthawi zambiri amabweza chakudya chomwe ameza posachedwapa. Kenako, amatafunanso ndipo mwina amameza kapena kulavulira.

6. Pewani / kupewa kudya chakudya

Kupewa / Kuletsa kudya chakudya (ARFID) ndi dzina latsopano la matenda akale.

Mawuwa amalowa m'malo mwa zomwe zimadziwika kuti "vuto lodyetsa kuyambira ukhanda ndi ubwana," matenda omwe kale anali a ana osapitirira zaka 7.

Ngakhale kuti ARFID imakula kuyambira ali wakhanda kapena ali mwana, imatha kupitilirabe kufikira munthu wamkulu. Kuphatikiza apo, ndizofala chimodzimodzi pakati pa abambo ndi amai.

Anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli amasokonezeka ndi kudya mwina chifukwa chosafuna kudya kapena kusala fungo, zokonda, mitundu, kapangidwe, kapena kutentha.

Zizindikiro zodziwika za ARFID ndi (8):

• kupewa kapena kuletsa kudya komwe kumamulepheretsa munthu kudya zakudya zopatsa mphamvu kapena michere
• zizolowezi zomwe zimasokoneza magwiridwe antchito, monga kudya ndi ena
• kuonda kapena kukula kosauka kwa msinkhu ndi msinkhu
• kuchepa kwa michere kapena kudalira zowonjezera kapena kudyetsa chubu

Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti ARFID imadutsa pamakhalidwe abwinobwino, monga kudya mosavomerezeka mwa ana ang'onoang'ono kapena kudya chakudya chocheperako mwa achikulire.

Kuphatikiza apo, siziphatikizapo kupewa kapena kuletsa zakudya chifukwa chosowa kapena miyambo yachipembedzo kapena chikhalidwe.

Chidule ARFID ndi vuto la kudya lomwe limapangitsa kuti anthu asadye. Izi mwina chifukwa chosowa chidwi ndi chakudya kapena kusakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi momwe zakudya zina zimawonekera, kununkhiza, kapena kulawa.

Mavuto ena akudya

Kuphatikiza pa zovuta zisanu ndi chimodzi zakudya pamwambapa, zovuta kuzidziwika pang'ono kapena zochepa zomwe anthu amadya zimapezekanso. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala pansi pa gulu limodzi mwamagawo atatu (8):

• Kusuta kwamankhwala. Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto loyeretsa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyeretsera, monga kusanza, mankhwala otsegulitsa m'mimba, okodzetsa, kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kuti achepetse kunenepa kapena mawonekedwe. Komabe, samadya kwambiri.
• Matenda akudya usiku. Anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa amadya mopitirira muyeso, nthawi zambiri akagalamuka kutulo.
• Matenda ena odyetsa kapena kudya (OSFED). Ngakhale sichipezeka mu DSM-5, izi zimaphatikizaponso zovuta zina zilizonse zomwe zimakhala ndi zofananira ndi vuto lakudya koma sizikugwirizana ndimagulu aliwonse pamwambapa.

Matenda omwe atha kugwa ndi OSFED ndi orthorexia. Ngakhale amatchulidwa kwambiri pazofalitsa ndi maphunziro asayansi, orthorexia sikuyenera kudziwikanso ngati vuto lakudya mosiyana ndi DSM yapano.

Anthu omwe ali ndi orthorexia amakhala ndi chidwi chongodya kwambiri, zomwe zimawononga moyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku.

Mwachitsanzo, munthu wokhudzidwayo amatha kuchotsa magulu athunthu azakudya, kuwopa kuti alibe thanzi. Izi zimatha kudzetsa kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi, kuchepa thupi, kuvuta kudya kunja kwa nyumba, komanso kukhumudwa.

Anthu omwe ali ndi orthorexia samakonda kuchepa thupi. M'malo mwake, kudzidalira kwawo, kudziwika kwawo, kapena kukhutira zimadalira momwe amatsatira malamulo omwe amadzipatsa okha (15).

Chidule Matenda odyera komanso matenda akudya usiku ndi zovuta zina ziwiri zomwe sizikufotokozedweratu. Gulu la OSFED limaphatikizapo zovuta zonse pakudya, monga orthorexia, zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi gulu lina.

Mfundo yofunika

Magulu omwe ali pamwambapa amatanthauza kuti amvetsetse zovuta zomwe zimakonda kudya ndikuchotsa nthano zonena za iwo.

Mavuto akudya ndi matenda amisala omwe nthawi zambiri amafunikira chithandizo. Zitha kukhala zowononga thupi ngati sizichiritsidwa.

Ngati muli ndi vuto la kudya kapena mukudziwa wina yemwe angakhale nawo, funsani kwa othandizira azaumoyo omwe amakhala ndi vuto la kudya.

Cholemba cha Mkonzi: Chidutswa ichi chidasindikizidwa koyamba pa Sep. 28, 2017. Tsiku lomwe likufalitsidwa posachedwa likuwonetsa zosintha, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuwunika kwachipatala kwa a Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD.