Flurbiprofen, Piritsi Yamlomo

Zamkati

• Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za flurbiprofen
• Machenjezo ofunikira
• Machenjezo a FDA
  
• Machenjezo ena
• Kodi flurbiprofen ndi chiyani?
• Chifukwa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito
• Momwe imagwirira ntchito
• Zotsatira za Flurbiprofen
• Zotsatira zofala kwambiri
• Zotsatira zoyipa
• Flurbiprofen imatha kulumikizana ndi mankhwala ena
• Corticosteroids
• Mankhwala a khansa
• Mankhwala amtima
• Thirani mankhwala
• Matenda osokoneza bongo antirheumatic
• Anticoagulant / magazi ochepera
• Mankhwala osokoneza bongo
• Mankhwala osokoneza bongo
• Odzetsa (mapiritsi amadzi)
• Mankhwala osagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa kutupa (NSAIDs)
• Machenjezo a Flurbiprofen
• Chenjezo la ziwengo
• Chenjezo lakumwa ndi kusuta
• Machenjezo kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ena
• Machenjezo kwa magulu ena
• Momwe mungatengere flurbiprofen
• Mitundu ya mankhwala ndi mphamvu
• Mlingo wa osteoarthritis
• Mlingo wa nyamakazi ya nyamakazi
• Maganizo apadera
• Tengani monga mwalamulidwa
• Zofunikira pakulera flurbiprofen
• Zonse
• Yosungirako
• Zowonjezeranso
• Kuyenda
• Kuwunika kuchipatala
• Kodi pali njira zina?

Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za flurbiprofen

1. Pulogalamu yamlomo ya Flurbiprofen imapezeka ngati mankhwala wamba. Ilibe mawonekedwe a dzina.
2. Flurbiprofen imabwera ngati piritsi yamlomo komanso ngati dontho lamaso.
3. Piritsi la Flurbiprofen limagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda a nyamakazi ndi nyamakazi.

Machenjezo ofunikira

Machenjezo a FDA

• Mankhwalawa ali ndi machenjezo a bokosi lakuda. Chenjezo la bokosi lakuda ndi chenjezo loopsa kwambiri kuchokera ku Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Imachenjeza madokotala ndi odwala za zovuta zamankhwala zomwe zitha kukhala zowopsa.
• Kuchenjeza pamtima: Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwalawa mosamala ngati muli ndi matenda a mtima kapena ngati muli pachiwopsezo cha matenda amtima, monga kuthamanga kwa magazi. Flurbiprofen ndi mankhwala osagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa kutupa (NSAID). Ma NSAID amatha kuwonjezera chiopsezo chanu chokhala ndi magazi, matenda amtima, kulephera kwamtima, komanso kupwetekedwa mtima, komwe kumatha kubweretsa imfa. Chiwopsezo chanu chitha kukhala chachikulu ngati mutamwa mankhwalawa kwa nthawi yayitali, pamlingo waukulu, kapena ngati muli ndi mavuto amtima kale kapena zomwe zingayambitse matenda amtima. Simuyenera kumwa mankhwalawa kuti muzitha kupweteka pambuyo poti mitsempha yam'mimba idutsa pochita opaleshoni. Kuchita izi kumachulukitsa chiopsezo chanu chodwala matenda amtima kapena sitiroko.
• Chenjezo pamavuto am'mimba: Flurbiprofen imatha kukulitsa chiopsezo chotenga magazi m'mimba kapena zilonda zam'mimba (mabowo amkati mwa m'mimba kapena m'matumbo). Izi zitha kupha. Zitha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse ndipo mwina sizikhala ndi zizindikilo. Okalamba ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha mavutowa.

Machenjezo ena

• Thupi lawo siligwirizana chenjezo: Mankhwalawa amatha kuyambitsa mavuto ena. Zizindikiro zimatha kuphatikizira ming'oma, kuthamanga, kupuma movutikira, kutupa pakhosi kapena lilime, kapena kupweteka pachifuwa. Musatenge flurbiprofen ngati mwakhala ndi izi kapena mphumu mutalandira aspirin kapena ma NSAID ena.
• Chenjezo la kuthamanga kwa magazi: Flurbiprofen ikhoza kuyambitsa kuthamanga kwa magazi kwa anthu omwe alibe kale kuthamanga kwa magazi kapena kukulitsa kuthamanga kwa magazi komwe kulipo.
• Chenjezo kuwonongeka kwa impso: Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa nthawi yayitali kumatha kuwononga impso. Okalamba ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu pakuwonongeka kumeneku.

Kodi flurbiprofen ndi chiyani?

Flurbiprofen ndi mankhwala akuchipatala. Imabwera ngati piritsi lakamwa komanso ngati dontho lamaso.

Pulogalamu yamlomo ya Flurbiprofen imangopezeka ngati mankhwala achibadwa. Ilibe mtundu wazolemba.

Chifukwa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito

Flurbiprofen imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda a nyamakazi ndi nyamakazi.

Momwe imagwirira ntchito

Flurbiprofen imagwira ntchito yochepetsera kutupa ndi kupweteka. Ili m'gulu la mankhwala omwe amatchedwa nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs).

Zotsatira za Flurbiprofen

Flurbiprofen piritsi la pakamwa silimayambitsa kugona, koma limatha kuyambitsa zovuta zina.

Zotsatira zofala kwambiri

Zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zimatha kuchitika ndi flurbiprofen ndi monga:

• kudzimbidwa
• mpweya
• kutsegula m'mimba
• chizungulire
• kutentha pa chifuwa
• kukhumudwa m'mimba

Zotsatira zoyipa

Itanani dokotala wanu nthawi yomweyo ngati muli ndi zovuta zina. Itanani 911 ngati zizindikiro zanu zikuwopseza moyo kapena ngati mukuganiza kuti mukukumana ndi vuto lachipatala. Zotsatira zoyipa komanso zizindikilo zake zimatha kukhala izi:

• Kupweteka pachifuwa kapena matenda amtima. Zizindikiro za matenda amtima zitha kuphatikiza:
  • kupuma movutikira
  • thukuta
  • kutopa
  • kutentha pa chifuwa
  • kupweteka kwa mkono
• Sitiroko. Zizindikiro zimatha kuphatikiza:
  • kufooka mu gawo limodzi kapena mbali imodzi ya thupi lanu
  • mawu osalankhula
• Kuthamanga kwa magazi
• Kutupa m'manja ndi miyendo kapena manja ndi mapazi, kapena kulemera kwachilendo
• Magazi ndi zilonda zam'mimba ndi m'mimba. Zizindikiro zimatha kuphatikiza:
  • magazi mkodzo wanu kapena masanzi
  • chimbudzi chakuda kapena chamagazi
  • nseru kapena kusanza
  • kupweteka kwambiri m'mimba
  • kutsokomola magazi
• Khungu, kuphatikizapo zotupa kapena zotupa
• Thupi lawo siligwirizana. Zizindikiro zimatha kuphatikiza:
  • kuyabwa
  • kutupa kwa nkhope kapena kukhosi kwanu
  • zotupa pakhungu
  • ming'oma
• Mavuto a chiwindi. Zizindikiro zimatha kuphatikiza:
  • chikasu cha khungu lako kapena kuyera kwa maso ako
  • kumva ofooka kapena otopa modabwitsa
• Matenda a mphumu. Zizindikiro zimatha kuphatikiza:
  • kuvuta kupuma
  • kupuma

Chodzikanira: Cholinga chathu ndikukupatsani chidziwitso chofunikira kwambiri komanso chaposachedwa. Komabe, chifukwa mankhwala amakhudza munthu aliyense mosiyanasiyana, sitingatsimikizire kuti izi zimaphatikizaponso zovuta zonse zomwe zingachitike. Izi sizilowa m'malo mwa upangiri wa zamankhwala. Nthawi zonse muzikambirana mavuto omwe angakhalepo ndi othandizira azaumoyo omwe amadziwa mbiri yanu yazachipatala.

Flurbiprofen imatha kulumikizana ndi mankhwala ena

Pulogalamu yamlomo ya Flurbiprofen imatha kulumikizana ndi mankhwala ena, mavitamini, kapena zitsamba zomwe mwina mumamwa. Kulumikizana ndi pamene chinthu chimasintha momwe mankhwala amagwirira ntchito. Izi zitha kukhala zowononga kapena kuletsa mankhwalawa kuti asagwire ntchito bwino.

Pofuna kupewa kuyanjana, dokotala ayenera kuyang'anira mankhwala anu onse mosamala. Onetsetsani kuuza dokotala wanu za mankhwala onse, mavitamini, kapena zitsamba zomwe mukumwa. Kuti mudziwe momwe mankhwalawa angagwirizane ndi china chake chomwe mumatenga, lankhulani ndi dokotala kapena wamankhwala.

Zitsanzo za mankhwala omwe angayambitse kulumikizana ndi flurbiprofen alembedwa pansipa.

Corticosteroids

Kutenga corticosteroids, monga prednisone kapena dexamethasone, ndi flurbiprofen imatha kukulitsa chiopsezo cha zilonda zam'mimba kapena kutuluka magazi.

Mankhwala a khansa

Kutenga pemetrex ndi flurbiprofen imatha kukulitsa chiopsezo chotenga matenda, mavuto a impso, komanso mavuto am'mimba.

Mankhwala amtima

Kutenga Chinthaka ndi flurbiprofen imatha kukulitsa milingo ya digoxin mthupi lanu. Mukamamwa mankhwalawa limodzi, dokotala wanu amatha kuwunika milingo yanu ya digoxin.

Thirani mankhwala

Kutenga cyclosporine ndi flurbiprofen imatha kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa cyclosporine mthupi lanu, zomwe zimatha kuyambitsa mavuto a impso. Mukamamwa mankhwalawa limodzi, dokotala ayenera kuyang'anira momwe impso yanu imagwirira ntchito.

Matenda osokoneza bongo antirheumatic

Kutenga methotrexate ndi flurbiprofen imatha kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa methotrexate mthupi lanu. Izi zitha kubweretsa mavuto a impso komanso chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha matenda.

Anticoagulant / magazi ochepera

Kutenga warfarin ndi flurbiprofen kumawonjezera chiopsezo chanu chotaya magazi m'mimba.

Mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Kutenga lifiyamu ndi flurbiprofen imatha kuyambitsa ma lithiamu m'magazi anu kuti awonjezeke kufika pangozi. Zizindikiro za poizoni wa lithiamu zitha kuphatikizira kunjenjemera, ludzu kwambiri, kapena chisokonezo. Mukamamwa mankhwalawa limodzi, dokotala wanu amatha kuwunika ma lithiamu anu.

Mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Kutenga mankhwalawa ndi flurbiprofen kumatha kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa magazi chifukwa chotsika cha mankhwalawa. Zitsanzo za mankhwalawa ndi monga:

• angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, monga benazepril ndi captopril
• beta-blockers, monga propranolol ndi atenolol

Odzetsa (mapiritsi amadzi)

Kutenga ma diuretiki ena ndi flurbiprofen kumatha kuchepa mphamvu ya mankhwalawa. Zitsanzo za ma diuretics ndi awa:

• hydrochlorothiazide
• alireza

Mankhwala osagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa kutupa (NSAIDs)

Flurbiprofen ndi NSAID. Kuphatikizana ndi ma NSAID ena kumatha kukulitsa chiopsezo chanu chazovuta, monga kutuluka m'mimba kapena zilonda. Zitsanzo za NSAID ndizo:

• aspirin
• ibuprofen
• naproxen
• etodolac
• diclofenac
• fenoprofen
• ketoprofen
• alireza
• indomethacin
• meloxicam

Chodzikanira: Cholinga chathu ndikukupatsani chidziwitso chofunikira kwambiri komanso chaposachedwa. Komabe, chifukwa mankhwala amagwirira ntchito mosiyanasiyana mwa munthu aliyense, sitingatsimikizire kuti izi zikuphatikizira kulumikizana kulikonse kotheka. Izi sizilowa m'malo mwa upangiri wa zamankhwala. Nthawi zonse lankhulani ndi omwe amakuthandizani pa zaumoyo momwe mungachitire ndi mankhwala, mavitamini, zitsamba ndi zowonjezera, komanso mankhwala omwe mumamwa.

Machenjezo a Flurbiprofen

Mankhwalawa amabwera ndi machenjezo angapo.

Chenjezo la ziwengo

Flurbiprofen imatha kuyambitsa vuto lalikulu. Zizindikiro zimatha kuphatikiza:

• kuvuta kupuma
• kutupa pakhosi kapena lilime
• ming'oma

Mukakhala ndi zizindikilozi, itanani 911 kapena pitani kuchipinda chadzidzidzi chapafupi.

Musatengerenso mankhwalawa ngati munakhalapo ndi vuto linalake. Kutenganso kumatha kukhala koopsa (kuyambitsa imfa).

Chenjezo lakumwa ndi kusuta

Kumwa mowa mutatenga flurbiprofen kumatha kukwiyitsa m'mimba. Izi zimatha kuyambitsa zilonda zam'mimba kapena kutuluka magazi m'mimba kapena m'matumbo, zomwe zimatha kupha. Kusuta kumawonjezeranso mavuto anu.

Musanayambe mankhwalawa, uzani dokotala ngati mumasuta ndudu kapena mumamwa mowa wopitilira katatu patsiku.

Machenjezo kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ena

Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda amtima: Ngati muli ndi matenda a mtima kapena muli pachiwopsezo cha matenda amtima, simuyenera kutenga flurbiprofen. Ikhoza kuwonjezera chiopsezo chanu cha magazi, matenda a mtima, kapena stroke.

Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi kapena mtima kulephera: Flurbiprofen imatha kuyambitsa kuthamanga kwa magazi kapena kukulitsa kuthamanga kwa magazi. Kuphatikiza apo, flurbiprofen imatha kukulitsa vuto la mtima powonjezera kusungidwa kwamadzimadzi ndi edema (kutupa). Dokotala wanu akhoza kukuyang'anirani mosamala ngati muli ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi kapena kulephera kwa mtima mukamatenga flurbiprofen.

Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la m'mimba: Mankhwalawa amachulukitsa chiopsezo cha zilonda zam'mimba ndikutuluka m'mimba ngati muli ndi mbiri yazikhalidwezi.

Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a impso: Thupi lanu silitha kuchotsa flurbiprofen momwe liyenera kukhalira. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti mankhwalawo akhazikike mthupi lanu, zomwe zingayambitse zovuta zina.

Machenjezo kwa magulu ena

Kwa amayi apakati: Palibe maphunziro a flurbiprofen mwa amayi apakati. Komabe, zawonetsedwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito flurbiprofen mu trimester yachitatu ya mimba kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha mtima wamwana wosabadwayo. Pachifukwa ichi, pewani kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yapakati kuyambira milungu 30 itatha.

Uzani dokotala wanu ngati muli ndi pakati kapena mukufuna kutenga pakati.

Kwa amayi omwe akuyamwitsa: Flurbiprofen yasonyezedwa kuti imadutsa mkaka wa m'mawere. Izi zitha kuyambitsa zovuta zina kwa mwana yemwe akuyamwitsa. Uzani dokotala wanu ngati mukuyamwitsa. Muyenera kusankha kuti musiye kuyamwa kapena kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito flurbiprofen.

Kwa okalamba: Anthu azaka 65 kapena kupitilira ali pachiwopsezo cha mavuto am'mimba komanso impso kulephera akamamwa mankhwalawa. Ngati ndinu wamkulu kuposa zaka 65, dokotala wanu akhoza kusintha mlingo wanu.

Kwa ana: Chitetezo ndi kuchita bwino kwa flurbiprofen sizinakhazikitsidwe mwa anthu ochepera zaka 18.

Momwe mungatengere flurbiprofen

Mlingo ndi mafomu onse omwe sangakhale nawo sangaphatikizidwe pano. Mlingo wanu, mawonekedwe anu, komanso kuti mumatenga kangati zimadalira:

• zaka zanu
• matenda omwe akuchiritsidwa
• momwe matenda anu alili
• Matenda ena omwe muli nawo
• momwe mumachitira ndi mankhwala oyamba

Mitundu ya mankhwala ndi mphamvu

Zowonjezera: Flurbiprofen

• Mawonekedwe: piritsi yamlomo
• Mphamvu: 50 mg, 100 mg

Mlingo wa osteoarthritis

Mlingo wa akulu (zaka 18 mpaka 64 zaka)

• Mlingo wodziwika: 200-300 mg patsiku, ogawidwa 2 mpaka 4 Mlingo wofanana.
• Pazipita munthu mlingo: Musatenge zoposa 100 mg ngati mlingo umodzi.

Mlingo wa ana (zaka 0 mpaka 17 zaka)

Mlingo wa anthu ochepera zaka 18 sunakhazikitsidwe.

Mlingo waukulu (wazaka 65 kapena kupitirira)

• Mlingo wodziwika: 200-300 mg patsiku, ogawidwa 2 mpaka 4 Mlingo wofanana.
• Pazipita munthu mlingo: Musatenge zoposa 100 mg ngati mlingo umodzi.

Dokotala wanu angayambe kuyika dosing kumapeto kwenikweni kwa dosing range ndikuwunika zoyipa zomwe zingachitike.

Mlingo wa nyamakazi ya nyamakazi

Mlingo wa akulu (zaka 18 mpaka 64 zaka)

• Mlingo wodziwika: 200-300 mg patsiku, ogawidwa 2 mpaka 4 Mlingo wofanana.
• Pazipita munthu mlingo: Musatenge zoposa 100 mg ngati mlingo umodzi.

Mlingo wa ana (zaka 0 mpaka 17 zaka)

Mlingo wa anthu ochepera zaka 18 sunakhazikitsidwe.

Mlingo waukulu (wazaka 65 kapena kupitirira)

• Mlingo wodziwika: 200-300 mg patsiku, ogawidwa 2 mpaka 4 Mlingo wofanana.
• Pazipita munthu mlingo: Musatenge zoposa 100 mg ngati mlingo umodzi.

Dokotala wanu angayambe kuyika dosing kumapeto kwenikweni kwa dosing range ndikuwunika zoyipa zomwe zingachitike.

Maganizo apadera

Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a impso: Mlingo wanu wa flurbiprofen ungafunike kutsitsidwa.

Chodzikanira: Cholinga chathu ndikukupatsani chidziwitso chofunikira kwambiri komanso chaposachedwa. Komabe, chifukwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo amakhudza munthu aliyense mosiyanasiyana, sitingatsimikizire kuti mndandandawu umaphatikizira miyezo yonse yotheka. Izi sizilowa m'malo mwa upangiri wa zamankhwala. Nthawi zonse lankhulani ndi dokotala kapena wamankhwala za mlingo woyenera kwa inu.

Tengani monga mwalamulidwa

Flurbiprofen imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza kwa nthawi yayitali. Zimabwera ndi zoopsa ngati simutenga monga adanenera dokotala.

Mukasiya kumwa mankhwalawa kapena osamwa konse: Mutha kukhala ndi zowawa zambiri chifukwa cha matenda anu.

Ngati mwaphonya Mlingo kapena osamwa mankhwalawo panthawi yake: Mankhwala anu mwina sagwira ntchito kapena akhoza kusiya kugwira ntchito kwathunthu. Kuti mankhwalawa agwire bwino ntchito, kuchuluka kwake kumayenera kukhala mthupi lanu nthawi zonse.

Ngati mutenga zochuluka kwambiri: Mutha kukhala ndimankhwala owopsa mthupi lanu. Zizindikiro za bongo za mankhwalawa zingaphatikizepo:

• Kusinza
• nseru
• kusanza
• kupweteka m'mimba

Ngati mukuganiza kuti mwamwa kwambiri mankhwalawa, itanani dokotala wanu kapena funsani malangizo kuchokera ku American Association of Poison Control Center ku 800-222-1222 kapena kudzera pa chida chawo pa intaneti. Koma ngati matenda anu akukulira, itanani 911 kapena pitani kuchipatala chapafupi pomwepo.

Zomwe muyenera kuchita mukaphonya mlingo: Ngati mwaphonya mlingo, tengani msanga momwe mungathere. Komabe, ngati ili pafupi nthawi ya mlingo wanu wotsatira, dikirani ndikumwa kamodzi kokha panthawi yanthawi zonse.

Osayesa konse kutenga mwa kumwa miyezo iwiri nthawi imodzi. Izi zitha kubweretsa zovuta zoyipa.

Momwe mungadziwire ngati mankhwalawa akugwira ntchito: Muyenera kuzindikira kuchepa kwa ululu ndi kutupa. Uzani dokotala wanu ngati matenda anu sakupeza bwino.

Zofunikira pakulera flurbiprofen

Pitirizani kuganizira izi ngati dokotala wanu akukulemberani flurbiprofen.

Zonse

• Tengani flurbiprofen ndi chakudya ndi kapu yamadzi. Izi zitha kuthandiza kuti muchepetse vuto lakumimba kapena chilonda.
• Tengani mlingo wanu pafupipafupi. Mwachitsanzo, ngati dokotala wanu akukuuzani flurbiprofen katatu patsiku, tengani mlingo uliwonse maola asanu ndi atatu.
• Osadula kapena kuphwanya phale.

Yosungirako

• Sungani flurbiprofen kutentha kwapakati pakati pa 68 ° F ndi 77 ° F (20 ° C mpaka 25 ° C).
• Musasunge mankhwalawa m'malo onyowa kapena onyowa, monga mabafa.

Zowonjezeranso

Mankhwala a mankhwalawa amakonzanso. Simuyenera kusowa mankhwala atsopano kuti mudzazidwenso. Dokotala wanu adzalemba kuchuluka kwa mafuta obwezerezedwanso pamankhwala anu.

Kuyenda

Mukamayenda ndi mankhwala anu:

• Nthawi zonse muzinyamula mankhwala anu. Mukamauluka, musayikenso m'thumba lofufuzidwa. Sungani m'thumba lanu.
• Osadandaula za makina a X-ray pabwalo la ndege. Sangathe kuvulaza mankhwala anu.
• Mungafunike kuwonetsa ogwira ntchito ku eyapoti chizindikiro cha mankhwala anu. Nthawi zonse muzinyamula chidebe choyambirira cholembedwa ndi mankhwala.
• Musayike mankhwalawa m'galimoto yamagolovu amgalimoto yanu kapena siyani m'galimoto. Onetsetsani kuti musachite izi nyengo ikatentha kapena kuzizira kwambiri.

Kuwunika kuchipatala

Ngati mukumwa flurbiprofen nthawi yayitali, dokotala wanu amatha kuyesa magazi kuti aone ngati ali ndi magazi. Akhozanso kukuyang'anirani ngati muli ndi zotupa m'mimba kapena m'mimba zotuluka kapena zilonda. Kuphatikiza apo, atha kuwunika momwe magazi anu akuyendera.

Kodi pali njira zina?

Palinso mankhwala ena omwe amapezeka kuti athetse vuto lanu. Ena akhoza kukuyenererani kuposa ena. Lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu za mankhwala ena omwe angakuthandizeni.

Chodzikanira: Healthaline yayesetsa kwambiri kuti zidziwitso zonse zikhale zolondola, zokwanira, komanso zaposachedwa. Komabe, nkhaniyi sikuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa chidziwitso ndi ukadaulo wa akatswiri pazachipatala. Muyenera kufunsa adotolo kapena akatswiri azaumoyo musanamwe mankhwala aliwonse. Zambiri zamankhwala zomwe zili pano zitha kusintha ndipo sizingapangidwe kuti zigwiritse ntchito, mayendedwe, zodzitetezera, machenjezo, kulumikizana ndi mankhwala, kusokonezeka, kapena zovuta zina. Kusapezeka kwa machenjezo kapena zidziwitso za mankhwala omwe apatsidwa sikuwonetsa kuti kuphatikiza mankhwala kapena mankhwalawa ndiwotetezeka, ogwira ntchito, komanso oyenera kwa odwala onse kapena ntchito zina zilizonse.