Kodi Chakudya Chomenyedwa Ndi Choopsa? Osati Nthawi Zonse

Zamkati

• Kodi Nkhungu N'chiyani?
• Ndi Zakudya Ziti Zomwe Zitha Kuwonongeka Ndi Nkhungu?
• Zakudya Zodziwika Zomwe Zimatha Kukula Nkhungu
• Mabakiteriya Angathenso Kuwononga Chakudya
• Zomwe Muyenera Kuchita Mukapeza Nkhungu Mu Chakudya Chanu
• Zakudya Zomwe Mungathe Kupulumutsa
• Zakudya Zomwe Muyenera Kutaya
• Amapanga Nkhungu Kupanga Zakudya Zina
• Nkhungu Imatha Kutulutsa Mycotoxins
• Mycotoxins Atha Kupezeka mu Zakudya Zambiri
• Nkhungu Ingayambitse Kusokonezeka
• Kodi Mungapewe Bwanji Chakudya Kuti Chisawonjezeke?
• Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri

Kuwonongeka kwa chakudya nthawi zambiri kumayambitsidwa ndi nkhungu.

Chakudya chopangidwa ndi nkhungu chimakhala chosakoma ndi kapangidwe kake ndipo chimakhala ndi mawanga obiriwira kapena oyera.

Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti kudya chakudya cha nkhungu.

Ngakhale mitundu ina ya nkhungu imatha kupanga poizoni wowopsa, mitundu ina imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakudya zina, kuphatikiza tchizi.

Nkhaniyi imayang'anitsitsa nkhungu muchakudya komanso ngati ilidi yoyipa kwa inu.

Kodi Nkhungu N'chiyani?

Nkhungu ndi mtundu wa bowa womwe umakhala ndimitundu ingapo, yoluka ngati ulusi.

Nthawi zambiri imawoneka ndi diso la munthu ikamamera pachakudya, ndipo imasintha mawonekedwe a chakudya. Chakudyacho chimatha kukhala chosalala komanso chosintha mtundu, pomwe nkhungu imatha kukhala yonyezimira, yothina kapena yafumbi.

Amapanga ma spores omwe amaupatsa utoto wake, womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala wobiriwira, woyera, wakuda kapena wotuwa. Chakudya cha nkhungu chimakondanso chapadera, pang'ono ngati dothi lonyowa. Momwemonso, chakudya chopangidwa ndi nkhungu chimatha kununkhiza.

Ngakhale nkhungu ikuwonekera pamwamba, mizu yake imatha kukhala pansi pachakudyacho. Nkhungu imafuna madzi ofunda kuti akule, choncho chakudya nthawi zambiri chimakhala malo abwino.

Mitundu yambiri ya nkhungu ilipo ndipo imapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse m'chilengedwe. Mutha kunena kuti nkhungu ndi njira yachilengedwe yokonzanso zinthu.

Kuphatikiza pa kupezeka pachakudya, imapezekanso m'nyumba momwe mumakhala chinyezi (1).

Cholinga chachikulu cha njira zodziwika zotetezera chakudya, monga kungotola, kuzizira ndi kuyanika, ndikuletsa kukula kwa nkhungu, komanso tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa chakudya.

Chidule:Nkhungu ndi mtundu wa bowa womwe umapezeka kulikonse m'chilengedwe. Zimasintha mawonekedwe, kulawa ndi kapangidwe kazakudya zomwe zimakula, ndikupangitsa kuti ziwoneke.

Ndi Zakudya Ziti Zomwe Zitha Kuwonongeka Ndi Nkhungu?

Nkhungu imatha kumera pafupifupi pafupifupi zakudya zonse.

Izi zati, mitundu ina yazakudya imakonda kuwumba kukula kuposa ena.

Chakudya chatsopano chokhala ndi madzi ambiri chimakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Kumbali inayi, zotetezera zimachepetsa mwayi wokula kwa nkhungu, komanso kukula kwa tizilombo ().

Nkhungu sikuti imangokulira muzakudya zanu kunyumba. Ikhozanso kukula panthawi yopanga chakudya, kuphatikiza pakukula, kukolola, kusunga kapena kukonza ().

Zakudya Zodziwika Zomwe Zimatha Kukula Nkhungu

Pansipa pali zakudya zochepa zomwe nkhungu imakonda kukula:

• Zipatso: Kuphatikiza ma strawberries, malalanje, mphesa, maapulo ndi raspberries
• Zamasamba: Kuphatikiza tomato, tsabola belu, kolifulawa ndi kaloti
• Mkate: Makamaka ngati mulibe zoteteza
• Tchizi: Mitundu yofewa komanso yolimba

Nkhungu imathanso kumera pazakudya zina, kuphatikiza nyama, mtedza, mkaka ndi zakudya zopangidwa.

Nkhungu zambiri zimafuna mpweya kuti ukhale ndi moyo, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri sizimakula bwino komwe mpweya umakhala wochepa. Komabe, nkhungu imatha kumera mosavuta pachakudya chomwe chakhala chodzaza ndi ma airt atachitsegulira.

Mitengo yambiri imafunikiranso chinyezi kuti ikhale ndi moyo, koma mtundu wina wotchedwa xerophilic nkhungu nthawi zina umatha kumera m'malo owuma. Zoumba za Xerophilic nthawi zina zimatha kupezeka pa chokoleti, zipatso zouma ndi zinthu zophika (,,).

Mabakiteriya Angathenso Kuwononga Chakudya

Si nkhungu yokha yomwe ingakhale ndi chakudya chanu. Mabakiteriya osawoneka amatha kukula limodzi nawo.

Mabakiteriya amatha kuyambitsa matenda obwera chifukwa cha chakudya, okhala ndi zizindikilo monga nseru, kutsegula m'mimba ndi kusanza. Kukula kwa matendawa kumadalira mtundu wa mabakiteriya, kuchuluka kwa zomwe amamwa komanso thanzi la munthu (1, 6).

Chidule:Nkhungu imatha kumera pazakudya zambiri. Chakudya chomwe chimakhala ndi nkhungu nthawi zambiri chimakhala chatsopano ndimadzi ambiri. Izi zikuphatikizapo zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba, mkate ndi tchizi. Mitundu yambiri imafuna chinyezi, koma ina imatha kusangalala ndi zakudya zowuma komanso zotsekemera.

Zomwe Muyenera Kuchita Mukapeza Nkhungu Mu Chakudya Chanu

Mwambiri, ngati mutapeza nkhungu mu chakudya chofewa, muyenera kutaya.

Chakudya chofewa chimakhala chinyezi chambiri, motero nkhungu imatha kukula pansi pake, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzizindikira. Mabakiteriya amathanso kukula limodzi nawo.

Ndikosavuta kuchotsa nkhungu pazakudya zolimba, monga tchizi wolimba. Dulani gawo loyikapo. Nthawi zambiri, chakudya cholimba kapena chothina sichilowetsedwa mosavuta ndi nkhungu.

Komabe, ngati chakudyacho chikutidwa ndi nkhungu muyenera kuchitaya. Komanso, mukapeza nkhungu, musamununkhize, chifukwa izi zimatha kubweretsa mavuto kupuma.

Zakudya Zomwe Mungathe Kupulumutsa

Zakudya izi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nkhungu yadulidwa (1):

• Zipatso zolimba ndi ndiwo zamasamba: Monga maapulo, tsabola belu ndi kaloti
• Tchizi cholimba: Onse pomwe nkhungu sindiwo gawo lokonzekera, monga Parmesan, komanso pomwe nkhungu ndi gawo lakapangidwe kake, monga Gorgonzola
• Salami wolimba komanso dziko lochiritsidwa pouma

Mukamachotsa nkhungu pachakudya, dulani masentimita 2.5 kuzungulira ndi pansi pake. Komanso, samalani kuti musakhudze nkhungu ndi mpeni.

Zakudya Zomwe Muyenera Kutaya

Mukapeza nkhungu pazinthu izi, zisiyeni (1):

• Zipatso zofewa ndi ndiwo zamasamba: Monga ma strawberries, nkhaka ndi tomato.
• Tchizi chofewa: Monga kanyumba kanyumba ndi kirimu tchizi, komanso tchizi wonyezimira, wosweka komanso wodulidwa. Izi zimaphatikizaponso tchizi zomwe zimapangidwa ndi nkhungu koma zawonongeka ndi nkhungu ina yomwe sinali gawo la kapangidwe kake.
• Mkate ndi zinthu zophika: Nkhungu imatha kukula pansi.
• Zakudya zophika: Zimaphatikizapo casseroles, nyama, pasitala ndi mbewu.
• Kupanikizana ndi jellies: Ngati mankhwalawa ndi a nkhungu, atha kukhala ndi ma mycotoxin.
• Chiponde, nyemba ndi mtedza: Zinthu zopangidwa popanda zotetezera zili pachiwopsezo chachikulu chokula kwa nkhungu.
• Bweretsani nyama, nyama yankhumba, agalu otentha
• Yogurt ndi kirimu wowawasa

Chidule:Chakudya chofewa chokhala ndi chinyezi chambiri nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi nkhungu. Mutha kudula nkhungu ndi chakudya cholimba kapena cholimba.

Amapanga Nkhungu Kupanga Zakudya Zina

Nthawi zambiri nkhungu sifunikira pakudya.

Penicillium ndi mtundu wa nkhungu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tchizi zamitundu yambiri, kuphatikiza tchizi wabuluu, Gorgonzola, brie ndi Camembert (,).

Mitundu yomwe amagwiritsira ntchito kupanga tchizi ndiyabwino kudya chifukwa sangatulutse ma mycotoxin owopsa. Zomwe amakhala mkati mwa tchizi sizoyenera kupanga ma mycotoxins (,).

Zotupira zina zotetezeka ndimatumba a koji, kuphatikiza Aspergillus oryzae, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupesa nyemba za soya kupanga msuzi wa soya. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga viniga, komanso zakumwa zofufumitsa, kuphatikiza zakumwa zaku Japan chifukwa ().

Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti ngakhale nkhungu zina zimawonjezeredwa pazakudya zinazake panthawi yopanga kuti zikwaniritse zina, matumba omwewo amatha kuwonongera zinthu zina.

Mwachitsanzo, Penicillium roqueforti amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tchizi wabuluu, koma zimatha kuwonongeka ngati zikamamera mu tchizi watsopano kapena grated ().

Chidule: Makampani azakudya amagwiritsa ntchito nkhungu zapadera kupanga tchizi, msuzi wa soya, viniga ndi zakumwa zofufumitsa. Tizilomboti ndiwotetezeka kudya, bola ngati timadya ngati gawo la zakudya zomwe adapangira ndipo siziipitsa zakudya zina.

Nkhungu Imatha Kutulutsa Mycotoxins

Nkhungu imatha kupanga mankhwala oopsa otchedwa mycotoxins. Izi zimatha kuyambitsa matenda ngakhale kufa, kutengera kuchuluka komwe kumadya, kutalika kwa chiwonetsero komanso msinkhu komanso thanzi la munthu ().

Kawopsedwe koopsa amaphatikizapo zizindikiro za m'mimba monga kusanza ndi kutsekula m'mimba, komanso matenda owopsa a chiwindi. Magulu otsika a mycotoxin amatha kupondereza chitetezo cha mthupi ndipo amatha kuyambitsa khansa (,).

Kupatula kuwululidwa kudzera pakudya zakudya zoyipitsidwa, anthu amathanso kudziwululidwa kudzera mwa kupuma kapena kukhudzana ndi khungu ndi mycotoxins m'deralo ().

Ngakhale kukula kwa nkhungu nthawi zambiri kumawonekeratu, ma mycotoxin eni ake sawoneka ndi maso (14).

Imodzi mwa mankhwala ofala kwambiri, oopsa kwambiri komanso ofufuza kwambiri ndi aflatoxin. Ndi khansa yodziwika ndipo imatha kuyambitsa imfa ngati itamwa kwambiri. Kuwonongeka kwa Aflatoxin kumakhala kofala kwambiri kumadera ofunda ndipo nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi chilala ().

Aflatoxin, komanso ma mycotoxin ena ambiri, amakhazikika kwambiri potentha, motero amatha kupulumuka pokonza chakudya. Chifukwa chake, imatha kupezeka pachakudya chosinthidwa, monga batala la chiponde ().

Chidule:Nkhungu imatha kupanga ma mycotoxin omwe angayambitse matenda ndi imfa. Aflatoxin, khansa yodziwika bwino, ndi poizoni wodziwika kwambiri wa mycotoxin.

Mycotoxins Atha Kupezeka mu Zakudya Zambiri

Mycotoxins amatha kupezeka mu chakudya chifukwa cha mbewu zoyipitsidwa.

M'malo mwake, kuipitsidwa kwa mycotoxin ndimavuto ambiri m'makampani azaulimi, chifukwa ma mycotoxin amapangidwa ndi nkhungu m'chilengedwe. Mpaka 25% ya mbewu zambewu zapadziko lonse lapansi zitha kuipitsidwa ndi mycotoxins ().

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu imatha kuipitsidwa, kuphatikiza chimanga, phala, mpunga, mtedza, zonunkhira, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba.

Zinthu zingapo zimakhudza mapangidwe a mycotoxins. Mwachitsanzo, chilala chimafooketsa mbewu, kuzipangitsa kuti zizitha kuwonongeka ndi kufala kwa (()).

Zogulitsa zanyama, monga nyama, mkaka ndi mazira, zitha kukhalanso ndi ma mycotoxin ngati nyama zidadya chakudya choyipa. Chakudya amathanso kuipitsidwa ndi mycotoxins posungira ngati malo osungira ndi ofunda komanso ofunda (,).

Mu lipoti lochokera ku European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 26% yazitsanzo 40,000 za zakudya zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi ma mycotoxin. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa zitsanzo zomwe zidapitilira malire apamwamba anali otsika kwambiri pazinthu zambiri (16).

Magulu apamwamba kwambiri amapezeka m'mipistachios ndi mtedza waku Brazil.

Zoposa 21% za mtedza waku Brazil ndi 19% ya pistachios zomwe zidayesedwa zidapitilira malire achitetezo ndipo sizimalowa mumsika. Poyerekeza, palibe chakudya chilichonse cha ana ndi chimanga chokha cha 0.6% chopitilira malire achitetezo (16).

Popeza kupangika kwa mycotoxin sikungalepheretsedwe, makampani azakudya akhazikitsa njira zowunikirira. Magawo a mycotoxin mu zakudya amayendetsedwa mosamalitsa m'maiko 100 (,,).

Ngakhale mumapezeka ndi poizoni wocheperako kudzera pazakudya zanu, milingo siyidutsa malire. Ngati ndinu munthu wathanzi, mwina sangakupwetekeni. Tsoka ilo, ndizosatheka kupewa kupezeka konse.

Ndipo ngakhale nkhungu ikhoza kupanga poizoni woopsa ameneyu, nthawi zambiri sizimachitika mpaka nkhunguyo ifike pokhwima ndipo zinthu zili bwino - ndiye kuti, chakudya chikakhala chovunda. Ndiye pofika nthawi yomwe chakudya chanu chimakhala ndi poizoni uyu, ndiye kuti mwakhala kuti mwachiponya kale (18).

Chidule:Nkhungu zimapezeka mwachilengedwe ndipo zimatha kupezeka muzakudya zingapo. Magawo a mycotoxin mu chakudya amayang'aniridwa mosamalitsa. Nkhungu imapanga poizoni ikafika pokhwima, koma izi zimangochitika pokhapokha mukaitaya kunja.

Nkhungu Ingayambitse Kusokonezeka

Anthu ena ali ndi vuto la kupuma chifukwa cha nkhungu, ndipo kudya chakudya chosakanizika kumatha kuchititsa anthuwa kukhala ndi vuto lawo.

Palibe kafukufuku wambiri pamutuwu, koma pakhala pali zochitika zingapo.

M'milandu ingapo, anthu omwe sagwirizana ndi nkhungu adanenapo za vuto lawo atadya Quorn. Quorn ndi chakudya chopangidwa kuchokera ku mycoproteins, kapena mapuloteni a fungal, omwe amachokera ku nkhungu Fusarium venenatum (, , , ).

Ngakhale izi zidachitika, palibe chifukwa choti anthu athanzi azipewa Quorn.

Pakafukufuku wina, wodwala yemwe anali wokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nkhungu amatha kudwala pambuyo poti amamwa mungu wambiri wa njuchi womwe udada ndi nkhungu Njira ina ndipo Cladosporium ().

Nthawi ina, wachinyamata yemwe sagwirizana ndi nkhungu adamwalira atamwa kaphatikizidwe kake komwe kanali koipitsidwa kwambiri ndi nkhungu ().

Anthu omwe sazindikira kapena kutengeka ndi nkhungu mwina sangakhudzidwe ngati atamwa pang'ono mwangozi.

Kafukufuku wina adapeza kuti anthu omwe samamva nkhungu amakhala ndi zisonyezo zochepa poyerekeza ndi omwe anali ndi chidwi ndi nkhungu atamwa mankhwala osakanikirana. Komabe, palibe maphunziro ambiri omwe alipo pamutuwu, chifukwa chake kafukufuku wina amafunika ().

Chidule:Anthu omwe ali ndi chifuwa chopuma cha nkhungu amatha kudwala akayamba kudya nkhungu. Kafufuzidwe kena pamutuwu ndikofunikira.

Kodi Mungapewe Bwanji Chakudya Kuti Chisawonjezeke?

Pali njira zingapo zopewera chakudya kuti chisayambike chifukwa chakukula kwa nkhungu.

Kusunga malo anu osungira chakudya kukhala oyera ndikofunikira, chifukwa ma spores ochokera pachakudya chodula amatha kumakhazikika mufiriji kapena malo ena osungira. Kusamalira bwino ndikofunikanso.

Nawa malangizo othandizira kupewa nkhungu kukula pachakudya (1):

• Sambani firiji yanu pafupipafupi: Pukutani mkatimo miyezi ingapo.
• Sungani zoyeretsa zoyera: Izi zikuphatikizapo nsalu zamasamba, masiponji ndi ziwiya zina zoyeretsera.
• Musalole zokolola zanu kuvunda: Chakudya chatsopano chimakhala ndi mashelufu ochepa. Gulani pang'ono pang'onopang'ono ndipo muzigwiritsa ntchito masiku ochepa.
• Sungani zakudya zosachedwa kuwonongeka: Sungani zakudya zokhala ndi mashelufu ochepa, monga masamba, mufiriji, ndipo musazisiye kunja kwa maola opitilira awiri.
• Makontena osungira ayenera kukhala oyera komanso osindikizidwa bwino: Gwiritsani ntchito zidebe zoyera posunga chakudya ndikuphimba kuti zisawonongeke ndi nkhungu m'mlengalenga.
• Gwiritsani ntchito chakudya chotsala mwachangu: Idyani zotsalira pasanathe masiku atatu kapena anayi.
• Sungani posungira kwanthawi yayitali: Ngati simukukonzekera kudya chakudyacho posachedwa, chiikeni mufiriji.

Chidule:Ukhondo ndi wofunikira popewa kukula kwa nkhungu. Onetsetsani kuti mukusunga zakudya zanu zosachedwa kuwonongeka mufiriji ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito moyenera.

Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri

Nkhungu imapezeka paliponse m'chilengedwe. Ikayamba kukula pachakudya, imawononga.

Nkhungu imatha kupanga ma mycotoxin owopsa mumitundu yonse yazakudya, koma milingo yanga ya mycotoxin imayendetsedwa bwino. Kuwonetsedwa pang'ono pokha sikungayambitse anthu athanzi.

Komanso, mycotoxins amangopanga nkhungu ikafika pokhwima. Pofika nthawi imeneyo, mwina mwataya chakudyacho kutali.

Izi zati, muyenera kupewa zakudya zankhungu momwe mungathere, makamaka ngati muli ndi vuto la kupuma kwa nkhungu.

Komabe, kumeza mwangozi mwina sikungapweteke.