Kuopsa Kobisika Kwa Nkhumba

Zamkati

• 1. Chiwindi chotupa chiwindi
• 2. Multiple Sclerosis
• 3. Khansa ya Chiwindi ndi Cirrhosis
• 4. Yersinia
• Pomaliza
• 4. Yersinia
• Pomaliza

Zina mwazakudya zomwe zimalimbikitsa kutsata-ngati kutsatira, nkhumba nthawi zambiri imatsogoza paketiyo, monga zikuwonetsedwera ndi 65% aku America omwe amafunitsitsa kutchula nyama yankhumba chakudya chadziko lonse.

Tsoka ilo, kutchuka kumeneku kumadzawonongeka. Kuphatikiza pokhala nyama yomwe imadyedwa kwambiri padziko lapansi, nkhumba imatha kukhala yoopsa kwambiri, yokhala ndi zoopsa zofunika kuzikambirana zomwe wogula aliyense ayenera kudziwa (1).

1. Chiwindi chotupa chiwindi

Chifukwa cha kutsitsimutsidwa kwa kudya m'mphuno ndi mchira, nyama yadzipulumutsa pakati pa okonda zaumoyo, makamaka chiwindi, chomwe chimayamikiridwa chifukwa cha zomwe zili ndi vitamini A komanso kuchuluka kwa mchere.

Koma zikafika ku nkhumba, chiwindi chimatha kukhala bizinesi yowopsa.

M'mayiko otukuka, chiwindi cha nkhumba ndiye chopatsilira chodyera cha hepatitis E, kachilombo komwe kamagwira anthu mamiliyoni 20 chaka chilichonse ndipo kumatha kubweretsa matenda akulu (malungo, kutopa, jaundice, kusanza, kupweteka kwa mafupa ndi kupweteka m'mimba), chiwindi chokulitsa ndipo nthawi zina kufooka kwa chiwindi ndi kufa (,).

Matenda ambiri a hepatitis E alibe zizindikiro, koma amayi apakati amatha kuchita zachiwawa ku kachilomboka, kuphatikizapo chiwindi cha hepatitis (kufulumira kwa chiwindi) komanso chiopsezo chachikulu cha kufa kwa amayi ndi amayi (). M'malo mwake, amayi omwe amatenga kachilomboka m'nthawi ya trimester yawo yachitatu amafa mpaka 25% ().

Nthawi zambiri, matenda a hepatitis E amatha kuyambitsa myocarditis (matenda am'mimba otupa), kapamba kakang'ono (kutupa kwamphamvu kwa kapamba), mavuto amitsempha (kuphatikiza Guillain-Barré syndrome ndi neuralgic amyotrophy), matenda am'magazi komanso mavuto amisempha, monga okwera kulenga phosphokinase, kuwonetsa kuwonongeka kwa minofu, ndi kupweteka kwamipikisano yambiri (mwa mawonekedwe a polyarthralgia) (6,,).

Anthu omwe ali ndi chitetezo chamthupi chodetsa nkhawa, kuphatikizira omwe amalandila ziwalo za immunosuppressive therapy komanso anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, atha kudwala matendawa a hepatitis E ().

Chifukwa chake, ziwopsezo zowopsa za nkhumba ndi zowopsa bwanji? Ku America, pafupifupi 1 pa khumi aliwonse ogulitsa zilonda za nkhumba adayesedwa kuti ali ndi matenda a chiwindi a E, omwe ndiwokwera pang'ono kuposa 1 mu 15 ku Netherlands ndi 1 mwa 20 mu Czech Republic (,). Kafukufuku wina ku Germany adapeza kuti pafupifupi 1 mwa 5 masoseji a nkhumba anali ndi kachilombo ().

Chikhalidwe cha France mkuyu, soseji ya chiwindi cha nkhumba yomwe nthawi zambiri imadyedwa yaiwisi, ndi chonyamula chiwindi cha E chotengera (). M'malo mwake, mdera la France komwe nkhumba yaiwisi kapena yachilendo imakonda kudya, anthu opitilira theka amakhala akuwonetsa umboni wa matenda a hepatitis E ().

Japan, nawonso, ikukumana ndi mavuto akuchulukirachulukira kwa matenda a chiwindi a E monga nkhumba zikuyamba kutchuka (). Ndipo ku UK? Hepatitis E imapezeka m'masoseji a nkhumba, m'chiwindi cha nkhumba komanso m'malo ophera nyama ya nkhumba, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuthekera kofalikira pakati pa ogula nkhumba ().

Zingakhale zokopa kutsutsa mliri wa hepatitis E pamachitidwe olima amalonda, koma pankhani ya nkhumba, nkhalango sizitanthauza kuti ndi zotetezeka. Nguluwe zosakidwanso, zimakhalanso ndi matenda a hepatitis E, omwe amatha kupatsira anthu omwe amadya masewerawa (,).

Kupatula kudziletsa kwathunthu kwa nkhumba, njira yabwino yochepetsera chiwopsezo cha hepatitis E ili kukhitchini. Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timatha kupulumuka kutentha kwa nyama yophika kawirikawiri, ndikupangitsa kutentha kwambiri kukhala chida chabwino kwambiri pothana ndi matenda (). Pochepetsa ma virus, kuphika zinthu zankhumba kwa mphindi zosachepera 20 mpaka kutentha mkati mwa 71 ° C (160 ° F) zikuwoneka kuti ndizopusitsa (20).

Komabe, mafuta amatha kuteteza ma virus a hepatitis kuti asawonongeke kutentha, kotero kudula kwa nkhumba kungafune nthawi yochulukirapo kapena kutentha kwambiri ().

Zogulitsa nkhumba, makamaka chiwindi, zimanyamula chiwindi cha E, chomwe chimatha kubweretsa zovuta zazikulu ngakhale kufa kwa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo. Kuphika bwino ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse kachilomboka.

2. Multiple Sclerosis

Imodzi mwaziwopsezo zodabwitsa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi nkhumba - yomwe imalandira nthawi yochulukirapo yocheperako - ndi multiple sclerosis (MS), vuto lowopsa lokhalokha lomwe limakhudza dongosolo lamanjenje.

Kulumikizana kwamphamvu pakati pa nkhumba ndi MS kwadziwika kuyambira zaka za 1980, pomwe ofufuza adasanthula ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa munthu aliyense wogwiritsa ntchito nkhumba ndi MS m'maiko ambiri ().

Ngakhale mayiko omwe amadana ndi nyama yankhumba ngati Israeli ndi India anali pafupi kupulumutsidwa ku zovuta zowononga za MS, ogula owolowa manja, monga West Germany ndi Denmark, adakumana ndi ziwopsezo zazikulu.

M'malo mwake, mayiko onse akaganiziridwa, kudya nkhumba ndipo MS adawonetsa kulumikizana kwa 0.87 (p <0.001), yomwe ndiyokwera kwambiri komanso yofunika kwambiri kuposa ubale pakati pa MS ndi kudya mafuta (0.63, p <0.01), MS ndi kudya nyama yonse (0.61, p <0.01) ndi MS komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ng'ombe (palibe ubale wofunikira).

Mwakuwona, kafukufuku wofananira wa matenda ashuga komanso kudya kwa shuga kwa munthu aliyense anapeza kulumikizana kwa pansi pa 0.60 (p <0.001) pofufuza mayiko a 165 (23).

Monga momwe zapezeka ndi miliri, kulumikizana pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nkhumba ndi MS sikungatsimikizire izi zimayambitsa ina (kapena ngakhale iyo, m'maiko omwe ali ndi MS, ogula omwe amakonda kwambiri nkhumba anali odwala kwambiri). Koma pamapeto pake, umboniwo umakhala wozama kwambiri.

M'mbuyomu, kafukufuku wa anthu okhala kuzilumba za Orkney ndi Shetland ku Scotland, dera lodzaza ndi zokoma zachilendo, kuphatikiza mazira a mbalame zanyanja, mkaka waiwisi ndi nyama yosaphika, adapeza gawo limodzi lokha la zakudya ndi MS - kumwa "mutu wophika," mbale yopangidwa kuchokera muubongo wankhumba wowiritsa ().

Pakati pa nzika za Shetland, odwala ambiri a MS anali atadya mutu wawo ali wachinyamata, poyerekeza ndi zowongolera athanzi, zaka komanso zogonana (25).

Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa - pa kafukufuku wina - MS yomwe imachitika munthu atha kukhala wamkulu imatha kuchokera pazowonekera zachilengedwe mukamakula (26).

Kuthekera kwa ubongo wa nkhumba kuyambitsa zovuta zokhudzana ndi mitsempha sikungokhala kosakira kopenyetsetsa, mwina. Pakati pa 2007 ndi 2009, gulu limodzi la ogwira ntchito kubzala nkhumba 24 lidadwala modabwitsa kupita patsogolo kotupa kwamatenda, yomwe imadziwika ndi mawonekedwe ngati MS monga kutopa, kufooka, kumva kupweteka komanso kupweteka (,).

Gwero la kuphulika? Zomwe zimatchedwa "nkhungu yaubongo wa nkhumba" - tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono ta ubongo timaphulika mlengalenga pokonza nyama ().

Ogwira ntchito akapumitsa tinthu timeneti, chitetezo cha mthupi lawo, malinga ndi njira yoyenera, chimapanga ma antibodies olimbana ndi ma antigen akunja.

Koma ma antigen amenewo anali ofanana kwambiri ndi mapuloteni ena amtundu wa anthu. Ndipo zotsatira zake zinali tsoka lachilengedwe: osokonezeka kuti amenyane ndi ndani, chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito chimayambitsa kuwombera mfuti pamitsempha yawo (,).

Ngakhale kuti autoimmunity yotsatira sinali yofanana ndi multiple sclerosis, njira yomweyi yotsanzira mamolekyulu, pomwe ma antigen akunja ndi ma anti-antigen ndi ofanana mokwanira kuyambitsa kuyankha kwadzidzidzi, zakhala zikuphatikizidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a MS (,).

Inde, mosiyana ndi nkhungu ya ubongo wa nkhumba, agalu otentha ndi ham sali kwenikweni inhaled (anyamata achichepere ngakhale). Kodi nkhumba ingathebe kupititsa zinthu zovuta kudzera pakumeza? Yankho ndi loti inde. Kwa amodzi, mabakiteriya ena, makamaka Acinetobacter, amatenga nawo mbali mofanana ndi myelin, mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amawonongeka mu MS (34,).

Ngakhale udindo wa nkhumba monga Acinetobacter onyamula sanaphunzirepo kwathunthu, mabakiteriya apezeka mu ndowe za nkhumba, m'minda ya nkhumba ndi nyama yankhumba, nyama ya nkhumba salami ndi ham, komwe imagwira ngati chowonongera (,, 38, 39). Ngati nkhumba imakhala ngati galimoto ya Acinetobacter kufala (kapena mwanjira iliyonse kumawonjezera chiopsezo chotenga kachirombo kaumunthu), kulumikizana ndi MS kungakhale kwanzeru.

Chachiwiri, nkhumba zitha kukhala chete komanso osaphunzira mopepuka za ziwonetsero, zomanga thupi zomanga thupi zomwe zimayendetsa zovuta zama neurodegenerative monga matenda a Creutzfeldt-Jakob (mtundu wamisala wamunthu wamisala) ndi Kuru (wopezeka m'magulu a anthu odya anzawo) ().

Ofufuza ena amati MS imatha kukhala matenda amtundu wa prion, omwe amalimbana ndi oligodendrocyte, maselo omwe amapanga myelin (). Ndipo popeza ma prion - ndi matenda omwe amabwera nawo - amafalikira ndikudya minyewa yamatenda omwe ali ndi kachilombo, ndizotheka kuti kusungitsa zinthu za nkhumba zitha kukhala ulalo umodzi mu MS chain ().

Ntchito yofunikira ya nkhumba ku MS siyotsekedwa, koma mawonekedwe achilengedwe olimba modabwitsa, kuthekera kwachilengedwe komanso zokumana nazo zolembedwa zimapangitsa kufufuza kwina kukhala kofunikira.

3. Khansa ya Chiwindi ndi Cirrhosis

Mavuto a chiwindi amayenda pafupi ndi zinthu zomwe zitha kudziwikiratu, monga matenda a hepatitis B ndi C, kukhudzana ndi aflatoxin (khansa yopangidwa ndi nkhungu) komanso kumwa kwambiri mowa (43, 44, 45).

Koma oikidwa m'mabuku asayansi ndi vuto lina lomwe lingayambitse matenda a chiwindi - nkhumba.

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kumwa nyama ya nkhumba kwalimbikitsa mokhulupirika khansa ya chiwindi ndi ziwengo padziko lonse lapansi. Pofufuza mayiko ambiri, kulumikizana pakati pa kufa kwa nyama ya nkhumba ndi matenda enaake kunafika pa 0.40 (p <0.05) pogwiritsa ntchito data ya 1965, 0.89 (p <0.01) pogwiritsa ntchito data yapakati pa 1970s, 0.68 (p = 0.003) pogwiritsa ntchito data ya 1996 ndi 0.83 ( p = 0.000) pogwiritsa ntchito data ya 2003 (,).

M'maphunziro omwewo, pakati pa zigawo za 10 ku Canada, nkhumba idalumikizana ndi 0.60 (p <0.01) ndi imfa ya chiwindi cha chiwindi, pomwe mowa, mwina chifukwa chodya pang'ono, sanawonetse kulumikizana kulikonse.

Ndipo mwa mitundu yowerengera yomwe imaphatikizapo zoopsa zodziwika pachiwindi (kumwa mowa, matenda a hepatitis B ndi matenda a hepatitis C), nkhumba imakhalabe yodziyimira payokha yokhudzana ndi matenda a chiwindi, kuwonetsa kuti mgwirizanowu siwongobwera chifukwa cha kubweza nkhumba, momwe zingakhalire, pa wothandizira wa causative ().

Ng'ombe, mosiyanitsa, idakhalabe yopanda chiwindi kapena yoteteza m'maphunziro awa.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri zopangira nitrosamines ndimakola a nkhumba, omwe, komanso kukhala alendo pafupipafupi poto wowotchera, amakhala ndi nitrites ndi nitrate monga othandizira. (Masamba amakhalanso ndi ma nitrate obadwa mwachilengedwe, koma mavitamini awo ndi kuperewera kwa mapuloteni kumathandiza kulepheretsa N-nitrosation, kuwalepheretsa kukhala othandizira matenda a khansa ().

Mitengo yambiri ya nitrosamines yapezeka mu chiwindi cha nkhumba pâté, nyama yankhumba, soseji, nyama ndi nyama zina zochiritsidwa (63,,). Gawo lamafuta azakudya za nkhumba, makamaka, limakonda kukhala ndi ma nitrosamines apamwamba kwambiri kuposa mabatani owonda, ndikupangitsa nyama yankhumba kukhala gwero lochuluka kwambiri ().

Kupezeka kwa mafuta kumathanso kusintha vitamini C kukhala wolimbikitsa wa nitrosamine m'malo mwa nitrosamine inhibitor, chifukwa chake kuphatikiza nyama ya nkhumba ndi veggies sikungapereke chitetezo chambiri ().

Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wambiri wa khansa ya chiwindi ya nitrosamine amayang'ana kwambiri makoswe, pomwe ma nitrosamines ena amatulutsa kuvulala kwa chiwindi mosavuta, zotsatira zake zimawonekeranso mwa anthu (,). M'malo mwake, ofufuza ena amati anthu amatha kukhala okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nitrosamines kuposa mbewa ndi makoswe ().

Mwachitsanzo, ku Thailand, nitrosamines amalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi khansa ya chiwindi m'malo omwe zinthu zina zowopsa ndizochepa (71). Kusanthula kwa 2010 kwa gulu la NIH-AARP kunapeza nyama yofiira (kuphatikiza nkhumba), nyama yosinthidwa (kuphatikiza nyama ya nkhumba), nitrate ndi nitrites kuti zithandizidwe ndimatenda amtenda a chiwindi. Ogwira ntchito ya mphira, omwe amapezeka ku nitrosamines, akumana ndi ziwopsezo zazikulu kwambiri za matenda a chiwindi osagwirizana ndi mowa komanso khansa ().

Kodi nitrosamines imatsimikizira kuti pali zovuta zingapo pakati pa nkhumba, mankhwala owononga chiwindi ndi matenda a chiwindi? Umboni pakadali pano ndiwosokonekera kwambiri kuti unganene izi, koma chiwopsezo chake ndichokwanira kuti chithandizire kuchepetsa zopangira nkhumba za nitrosamine (kapena nitrosamine), kuphatikiza nyama yankhumba, ham, agalu otentha ndi masoseji opangidwa ndi sodium nitrite kapena potaziyamu nitrate.

Maulalo amphamvu am'magazi alipo pakati pa kumwa nkhumba ndi matenda a chiwindi. Ngati maulalowa akuwonetsa zoyambitsa ndi zotsatira zake, wolakwayo akhoza kukhala N-nitroso mankhwala, omwe amapezeka kwambiri muzakudya zopangidwa ndi nkhumba zophikidwa pamtentha kwambiri.

4. Yersinia

Kwa zaka zambiri, mawu akuti nyama yankhumba inali "yolembedwa bwino", zotsatira zake za mantha a trichinosis, mtundu wa matenda oyenda ndi mphutsi omwe amawononga ogula nkhumba mzambiri za 20^th zana (73).

Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa njira zodyetsera, ukhondo waulimi ndi kuwongolera mayendedwe, trichinosis yonyamula nkhumba yatsika pa radar, ndikuyitanitsa nkhumba ya pinki kubwerera m'ndandanda.

Koma malamulo otentha otentha a nkhumba atha kukhala atatsegula zitseko za matenda amtundu wina - yersiniosis, yomwe imayambitsidwa Yersinia mabakiteriya. Ku US kokha, Yersinia imayambitsa kufa kwa 35 komanso milandu pafupifupi 117,000 ya poizoni wazakudya chaka chilichonse (). Njira yake yayikulu yolowera anthu? Nkhumba zosaphika.

Zizindikiro zazikulu za Yersiniosis ndizokwera - malungo, kupweteka, kutsegula m'mimba kwamagazi - koma zotsatira zake za nthawi yayitali ndizomwe ziyenera kulira mabelu alamu. Ozunzidwa a Yersinia Poizoni akukumana ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha nyamakazi ya 47, mtundu wa matenda ophatikizana omwe amayamba chifukwa cha matenda (75).

Ngakhale ana amakhala otuluka-Yersinia zolinga za nyamakazi, nthawi zina zimafunikira mankhwala a synovectomy (jakisoni wa osmic acid mu cholumikizira chovuta) kuti athetse kupweteka kosalekeza (76, 77).

Ndipo m'malo ocheperako komwe Yersinia sizimabweretsa zoziziritsa kukhosi, zotsekula m'mimba? Matenda a nyamakazi amatha kukhalanso ngakhale pomwe matenda oyamba anali atatsimikizika, kusiya anthu ena osazindikira kuti nyamakazi yawo ndi chifukwa cha matenda obwera chifukwa cha chakudya (78).

Ngakhale nyamakazi yowonongeka nthawi zambiri imadzipangira yokha pakapita nthawi, Yersinia Ozunzidwa amakhalabe pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha zovuta zamagulu, kuphatikiza ankylosing spondylitis, sacroiliitis, tenosynovitis ndi nyamakazi, kwa zaka zambiri (, 80, 81).

Umboni wina ukusonyeza kuti Yersinia zingayambitse mavuto a ubongo (82). Anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a iron amatha kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha zilonda zingapo za chiwindi, zomwe zimatha kubweretsa imfa (,,). Ndipo pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa chibadwa, anterior uveitis, kutupa kwa iris ya diso, kumakhalanso kotheka kutsatira Yersinia (, ).

Pomaliza, kudzera motsanzira mamolekyulu, Yersinia Matendawa amathanso kukweza chiwopsezo cha matenda a Graves, matenda omwe amadzimadzimitsa okha omwe amadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa mahomoni a chithokomiro (,).

Yankho lake? Bweretsani kutentha. Zambiri mwazogulitsa nkhumba (69% yazoyesedwa, malinga ndi kusanthula kwa Consumer Reports) zaipitsidwa nazo Yersinia mabakiteriya, ndipo njira yokhayo yodzitetezera kumatenda ndikuphika koyenera. Kutentha kwamkati osachepera 145 ° F kwa nkhumba yathunthu ndi 160 ° F kwa nkhumba yanthaka ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Nkhumba zosaphika zimatha kupatsira Yersinia mabakiteriya, omwe amayambitsa matenda osakhalitsa ndikukweza chiwopsezo cha nyamakazi, matenda ophatikizana, matenda a Graves ndi zovuta zina.

Pomaliza

Chifukwa chake, omnivores odziwa zaumoyo ayenera kuchotsa nyama ya nkhumba pamenyu?

Oweruza akadatulukabe. Kwa mavuto awiri a nkhumba - hepatitis E ndi Yersinia - kuphika mwaukali ndi kusamalira mosamala ndikwanira kuti muchepetse chiopsezo. Ndipo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kuwongolera, kafukufuku wankhumba-centric wokhoza kukhazikitsa zovuta, mbendera zina zofiira za nkhumba zimachokera ku miliri - munda wadzaza ndi osokonekera komanso chidaliro chosayenera.

Choyipa chachikulu, maphunziro ambiri azakudya ndi matenda amatulutsa nkhumba ya nkhumba limodzi ndi mitundu ina ya nyama yofiira, kusungunula mayanjano aliwonse omwe angakhalepo ndi nkhumba zokha.

Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupatula zovuta zomwe zimachokera ku nkhumba ndikuzindikira chitetezo chakumwa kwawo.

Izi zikunenedwa, kusamala ndikofunikira. Kukula kwakukulu, kusasinthasintha komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizira kulumikizana kwa nkhumba ndi matenda angapo owopsa kumapangitsa mwayi wowopsa kwenikweni.

Mpaka kafukufuku wina atapezeka, mungafune kulingalira kawiri zakudya nkhumba.

Khansara ya chiwindi, nayenso, imakonda kutsatira mapazi a nkhumba. Kusanthula kwa 1985 kudawonetsa kuti kudya nkhumba kumayenderana ndi kufa kwa hepatocellular carcinoma mwamphamvu monga mowa (0.40, p <0.05 ya onse) (). (Kuganizira za chiwindi cha chiwindi nthawi zambiri kumayambira khansa, kulumikizaku sikuyenera kudabwitsa (50).)

Ndiye, nchiyani chikuyambitsa mayanjano oopsawa?

Poyang'ana koyamba, mafotokozedwe othekera kwambiri samatuluka. Ngakhale hepatitis E yomwe imafalikira ndi nkhumba imatha kubweretsa chiwindi cha chiwindi, izi zimachitika makamaka mwa anthu omwe ali ndi ma immunosuppress, gulu laling'ono lomwe laling'ono kwambiri kuti lisawerengere mgwirizano wapadziko lonse ().

Poyerekeza ndi nyama ina, nkhumba imakonda kukhala ndi omega-6 fatty acids, kuphatikiza linoleic acid ndi arachidonic acid, yomwe imathandizira matenda a chiwindi (,,). Koma mafuta a masamba, omwe mafuta ake a polyunsaturated acid amaphulitsa nyama ya nkhumba m'madzi, osavina tango yemweyo ya matenda a chiwindi yomwe nkhumba imachita, kukayikira ngati mafuta alidi olakwa (55, 56).

Ameter Heterocyclic, gulu la ma carcinogen omwe amapangidwa ndi kuphika nyama (kuphatikiza nkhumba) kutentha kwambiri, amathandizira khansa ya chiwindi munyama zosiyanasiyana (). Koma mankhwalawa amapangidwanso mosavuta mu ng'ombe, malinga ndi kafukufuku yemweyo omwe akuwonetsa kuti nkhumba ilibe ubale wabwino ndi matenda a chiwindi (,).

Poganizira zonsezi, zikanakhala zosavuta kuthana ndi ulalo wa matenda a chiwindi cha nkhumba ngati chiwopsezo cha miliri. Komabe, pali njira zina zomveka zomwe zilipo.

Wopikisana nawo kwambiri amatenga nawo mbali mankhwala, Zomwe zimayambitsa khansa zimapangidwa ma nitrites ndi nitrate atakumana ndi ma amine ena (ochokera ku protein), makamaka potentha kwambiri (). Izi zimalumikizidwa ndi kuwonongeka ndi khansa m'magulu osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza chiwindi (61).

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri zopangira nitrosamines ndimakola a nkhumba, omwe, komanso kukhala alendo pafupipafupi poto wowotchera, amakhala ndi nitrites ndi nitrate monga othandizira. (Masamba amakhalanso ndi ma nitrate obadwa mwachilengedwe, koma mavitamini awo ndi kuperewera kwa mapuloteni kumathandiza kulepheretsa N-nitrosation, kuwalepheretsa kukhala othandizira matenda a khansa ().

Mitengo yambiri ya nitrosamines yapezeka mu chiwindi cha nkhumba pâté, nyama yankhumba, soseji, nyama ndi nyama zina zochiritsidwa (63,,). Gawo lamafuta azakudya za nkhumba, makamaka, limakonda kukhala ndi ma nitrosamines apamwamba kwambiri kuposa mabatani owonda, ndikupangitsa nyama yankhumba kukhala gwero lochuluka kwambiri ().

Kupezeka kwa mafuta kumathanso kusintha vitamini C kukhala wolimbikitsa wa nitrosamine m'malo mwa nitrosamine inhibitor, chifukwa chake kuphatikiza nyama ya nkhumba ndi veggies sikungapereke chitetezo chambiri ().

Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wambiri wa khansa ya chiwindi ya nitrosamine amayang'ana kwambiri makoswe, pomwe ma nitrosamines ena amatulutsa kuvulala kwa chiwindi mosavuta, zotsatira zake zimawonekeranso mwa anthu (,). M'malo mwake, ofufuza ena amati anthu amatha kukhala okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nitrosamines kuposa mbewa ndi makoswe ().

Mwachitsanzo, ku Thailand, nitrosamines amalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi khansa ya chiwindi m'malo omwe zinthu zina zowopsa ndizochepa (71). Kusanthula kwa 2010 kwa gulu la NIH-AARP kunapeza nyama yofiira (kuphatikiza nkhumba), nyama yosinthidwa (kuphatikiza nyama ya nkhumba), nitrate ndi nitrites kuti zithandizidwe ndimatenda amtenda a chiwindi. Ogwira ntchito ya mphira, omwe amapezeka ku nitrosamines, akumana ndi ziwopsezo zazikulu kwambiri za matenda a chiwindi osagwirizana ndi mowa komanso khansa ().

Kodi nitrosamines imatsimikizira kuti pali zovuta zingapo pakati pa nkhumba, mankhwala owononga chiwindi ndi matenda a chiwindi? Umboni pakadali pano ndiwosokonekera kwambiri kuti unganene izi, koma chiwopsezo chake ndichokwanira kuti chithandizire kuchepetsa zopangira nkhumba za nitrosamine (kapena nitrosamine), kuphatikiza nyama yankhumba, ham, agalu otentha ndi masoseji opangidwa ndi sodium nitrite kapena potaziyamu nitrate.

Maulalo amphamvu am'magazi alipo pakati pa kumwa nkhumba ndi matenda a chiwindi. Ngati maulalowa akuwonetsa zoyambitsa ndi zotsatira zake, wolakwayo akhoza kukhala N-nitroso mankhwala, omwe amapezeka kwambiri muzakudya zopangidwa ndi nkhumba zophikidwa pamtentha kwambiri.

4. Yersinia

Kwa zaka zambiri, mawu akuti nyama yankhumba inali "yolembedwa bwino", zotsatira zake za mantha a trichinosis, mtundu wa matenda oyenda ndi mphutsi omwe amawononga ogula nkhumba mzambiri za 20^th zana (73).

Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa njira zodyetsera, ukhondo waulimi ndi kuwongolera mayendedwe, trichinosis yonyamula nkhumba yatsika pa radar, ndikuyitanitsa nkhumba ya pinki kubwerera m'ndandanda.

Koma malamulo otentha otentha a nkhumba atha kukhala atatsegula zitseko za matenda amtundu wina - yersiniosis, yomwe imayambitsidwa Yersinia mabakiteriya. Ku US kokha, Yersinia imayambitsa kufa kwa 35 komanso milandu pafupifupi 117,000 ya poizoni wazakudya chaka chilichonse (). Njira yake yayikulu yolowera anthu? Nkhumba zosaphika.

Zizindikiro zazikulu za Yersiniosis ndizokwera - malungo, kupweteka, kutsegula m'mimba kwamagazi - koma zotsatira zake za nthawi yayitali ndizomwe ziyenera kulira mabelu alamu. Ozunzidwa a Yersinia Poizoni akukumana ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha nyamakazi ya 47, mtundu wa matenda ophatikizana omwe amayamba chifukwa cha matenda (75).

Ngakhale ana amakhala otuluka-Yersinia zolinga za nyamakazi, nthawi zina zimafunikira mankhwala a synovectomy (jakisoni wa osmic acid mu cholumikizira chovuta) kuti athetse kupweteka kosalekeza (76, 77).

Ndipo m'malo ocheperako komwe Yersinia sizimabweretsa zoziziritsa kukhosi, zotsekula m'mimba? Matenda a nyamakazi amatha kukhalanso ngakhale pomwe matenda oyamba anali atatsimikizika, kusiya anthu ena osazindikira kuti nyamakazi yawo ndi chifukwa cha matenda obwera chifukwa cha chakudya (78).

Ngakhale nyamakazi yowonongeka nthawi zambiri imadzipangira yokha pakapita nthawi, Yersinia Ozunzidwa amakhalabe pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha zovuta zamagulu, kuphatikiza ankylosing spondylitis, sacroiliitis, tenosynovitis ndi nyamakazi, kwa zaka zambiri (, 80, 81).

Umboni wina ukusonyeza kuti Yersinia zingayambitse mavuto a ubongo (82). Anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a iron amatha kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha zilonda zingapo za chiwindi, zomwe zimatha kubweretsa imfa (,,). Ndipo pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa chibadwa, anterior uveitis, kutupa kwa iris ya diso, kumakhalanso kotheka kutsatira Yersinia (, ).

Pomaliza, kudzera motsanzira mamolekyulu, Yersinia Matendawa amathanso kukweza chiwopsezo cha matenda a Graves, omwe ali ndimatenda okha omwe amadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa mahomoni a chithokomiro (,).

Yankho lake? Bweretsani kutentha. Zambiri mwazogulitsa nkhumba (69% yazoyesedwa, malinga ndi kusanthula kwa Consumer Reports) zaipitsidwa nazo Yersinia mabakiteriya, ndipo njira yokhayo yodzitetezera kumatenda ndikuphika koyenera. Kutentha kwamkati osachepera 145 ° F kwa nkhumba yathunthu ndi 160 ° F kwa nkhumba yanthaka ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Nkhumba zosaphika zimatha kupatsira Yersinia mabakiteriya, omwe amayambitsa matenda osakhalitsa ndikukweza chiwopsezo cha nyamakazi, matenda ophatikizana, matenda a Graves ndi zovuta zina.

Pomaliza

Chifukwa chake, omnivores odziwa zaumoyo ayenera kuchotsa nyama ya nkhumba pamenyu?

Oweruza akadatulukabe. Kwa mavuto awiri a nkhumba - hepatitis E ndi Yersinia - kuphika mwaukali ndi kusamalira mosamala ndikwanira kuti muchepetse chiopsezo. Ndipo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kuwongolera, kafukufuku wankhumba-centric wokhoza kukhazikitsa zovuta, mbendera zina zofiira za nkhumba zimachokera ku miliri - munda wadzaza ndi osokonekera komanso chidaliro chosayenera.

Choyipa chachikulu, maphunziro ambiri azakudya ndi matenda amatulutsa nkhumba ya nkhumba limodzi ndi mitundu ina ya nyama yofiira, kusungunula mayanjano aliwonse omwe angakhalepo ndi nkhumba zokha.

Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupatula zovuta zomwe zimachokera ku nkhumba ndikuzindikira chitetezo chakumwa kwawo.

Izi zikunenedwa, kusamala ndikofunikira. Kukula kwakukulu, kusasinthasintha komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizira kulumikizana kwa nkhumba ndi matenda angapo owopsa kumapangitsa mwayi wowopsa kwenikweni.

Mpaka kafukufuku wina atapezeka, mungafune kulingalira kawiri zakudya nkhumba.