Kuchiritsa Khansa: Mankhwala Othandizira Kuyang'anitsitsa

Zamkati

• Chitetezo chamatenda
• Katemera
• Chithandizo cha T-cell
• Ma antibodies a monoclonal
• Zoyang'anira chitetezo cha chitetezo cha mthupi
• Mankhwala a Gene
• Gene kusintha
• Virotherapy
• Thandizo la mahomoni
• Nkhani za Nanoparticles
• Khalani odziwa

Kodi tili pafupi motani?

Khansa ndi gulu la matenda omwe amadziwika ndi kukula kwachilendo kwa maselo. Maselowa amatha kulimbana ndi matupi osiyanasiyana mthupi, zomwe zimabweretsa mavuto akulu azaumoyo.

Malinga ndi khansa, khansa ndi yomwe imayambitsa kufa kwachiwiri ku United States kumbuyo kwa matenda amtima.

Kodi pali chithandizo cha khansa? Ngati ndi choncho, kodi tili pafupi bwanji? Kuti muyankhe mafunso awa, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa machiritso ndi chikhululukiro:

• Akuchiritsa amachotsa zotsalira zonse za khansa mthupi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti sizibweranso.
• Kukhululukidwa zikutanthauza kuti pali zochepa zomwe sizikupezeka khansa mthupi.
• Kukhululukidwa kwathunthu zikutanthauza kuti palibe zizindikiro zilizonse zodziwika za khansa.

Komabe, ma cell a khansa amatha kukhalabe mthupi, ngakhale atachotsedwa kwathunthu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti khansara ikhoza kubwerera. Izi zikachitika, nthawi zambiri zimakhala mkati mwa oyamba atalandira chithandizo.

Madokotala ena amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kuchiritsidwa" ponena za khansa yomwe siyibwerera mkati mwa zaka zisanu. Koma khansa imatha kubwereranso patatha zaka zisanu, chifukwa chake sichichiritsidwa moona.

Pakadali pano, palibe mankhwala enieni a khansa. Koma kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa kwamankhwala ndi ukadaulo kutithandizira kuyandikira pafupi ndi kale kuchiritso.

Werengani kuti mudziwe zambiri zamankhwalawa omwe akubwera komanso zomwe zingatanthauze mtsogolo mwa chithandizo cha khansa.

Chitetezo chamatenda

Cancer immunotherapy ndi mtundu wa chithandizo chomwe chimathandiza chitetezo cha mthupi kumenyana ndi maselo a khansa.

Chitetezo cha m'thupi chimapangidwa ndi ziwalo, maselo, ndi ziwalo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimathandiza thupi kulimbana ndi adani ochokera kunja, kuphatikizapo mabakiteriya, mavairasi, ndi tiziromboti.

Koma ma cell a khansa sakhala owukira akunja, chifukwa chake chitetezo chamthupi chitha kufunikira thandizo kuwazindikira. Pali njira zingapo zoperekera thandizoli.

Katemera

Mukamaganizira za katemera, mwina mumaganizira za momwe mungapewere matenda opatsirana, monga chikuku, kafumbata, ndi chimfine.

Koma katemera wina amatha kuthandiza kapena kuthana ndi mitundu ina ya khansa. Mwachitsanzo, katemera wa kachilombo ka papilloma (HPV) umateteza ku mitundu yambiri ya HPV yomwe ingayambitse khansa ya pachibelekero.

Ofufuzawo akhala akugwira ntchito yopanga katemera yemwe amathandiza chitetezo cha mthupi kuthana ndi maselo a khansa. Maselowa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mamolekyulu pamalo awo omwe samapezeka m'maselo wamba. Kupereka katemera wokhala ndi mamolekyuluwa kumatha kuthandiza chitetezo cha mthupi kuzindikira ndi kuwononga maselo a khansa.

Pali katemera m'modzi yekha yemwe akuvomerezedwa kuchiza khansa. Amatchedwa Sipuleucel-T. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa ya prostate yomwe siinayankhe mankhwala ena.

Katemerayu ndi wapadera chifukwa ndi katemera wosinthika. Maselo achitetezo amthupi amachotsedwa mthupi ndikutumizidwa ku labotale komwe amasinthidwa kuti athe kuzindikira ma cell a khansa ya prostate. Kenako amabayiliranso m'thupi lanu, momwe amathandizira chitetezo chamthupi kuthana ndi kuwononga maselo a khansa.

Ofufuzawa tsopano akugwira ntchito yopanga ndi kuyesa katemera watsopano kuti ateteze ndikuchiritsa mitundu ina ya khansa.

Chithandizo cha T-cell

Maselo a T ndi mtundu wa chitetezo chamthupi. Amawononga olowa akunja omwe amapezeka ndi chitetezo chanu chamthupi. Thandizo la T-cell limaphatikizapo kuchotsa maselowa ndikuwatumiza ku labu. Maselo omwe amawoneka kuti amayankha kwambiri motsutsana ndi maselo a khansa amalekanitsidwa ndikukula kwambiri. Maselo a T amenewa amalowetsedwanso m'thupi lanu.

Mtundu winawake wamankhwala amtundu wa T umatchedwa mankhwala a CAR T-cell. Pakulandira chithandizo, ma cell a T amachotsedwa ndikusinthidwa kuti aziwonjezera cholandirira kumtunda. Izi zimathandiza ma T kuti azindikire ndikuwononga ma cell a khansa akabwezeretsedwanso m'thupi lanu.

Mankhwala a CAR T-cell pano akugwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza mitundu ingapo ya khansa, monga achikulire omwe si a Hodgkin's lymphoma komanso khansa ya khansa ya m'magazi.

Mayesero azachipatala ali mkati kuti adziwe momwe mankhwala a T-cell angatithandizire mitundu ina ya khansa.

Ma antibodies a monoclonal

Ma antibodies ndi mapuloteni opangidwa ndi ma B cell, mtundu wina wama cell amthupi. Amatha kuzindikira zolunjika, zotchedwa ma antigen, ndikumangiriza. Asirikali akamangirira antigen, T maselo amatha kupeza ndikuwononga antigen.

Thandizo la monoclonal antibody limaphatikizapo kupanga ma antibodies ambiri omwe amazindikira ma antigen omwe amapezeka pamtunda wa maselo a khansa. Kenako amalowetsedwa mthupi, momwe angathandizire kupeza ndikuchepetsa ma cell a khansa.

Pali mitundu yambiri ya ma antibodies monoclonal omwe apangidwa kuti athandizire khansa. Zitsanzo zina ndi izi:

• Alemtuzumab. Antibody iyi imamangirira ku protein inayake yama cell a leukemia, kuti iwonongeke. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa ya m'magazi ya lymphocytic.
• Ibritumomab tiuxetan. Antibodyiyi imakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timaphatikizirapo, polola kuti ma radioactivity aperekedwe mwachindunji kumaselo a khansa pomwe antibody amamanga. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza mitundu ina ya non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
• Ado-trastuzumab emtansine. Odwalawa ali ndi mankhwala a chemotherapy omwe amaphatikizidwa nawo. Asirikaliwo akangomata, amatulutsa mankhwalawo m'maselo a khansa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza mitundu ina ya khansa ya m'mawere.
• Blinatumomab. Izi zili ndi ma antibodies awiri amtundu umodzi. Mmodzi amamatira kumaselo a khansa, pomwe winayo amamatira kuma cell immune. Izi zimabweretsa ma cell amthupi ndi khansa limodzi, kulola chitetezo chamthupi kuti chiwononge maselo a khansa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa ya m'magazi yovuta kwambiri ya lymphocytic.

Zoyang'anira chitetezo cha chitetezo cha mthupi

Chitetezo cha chitetezo cha mthupi chimalimbikitsa chitetezo cha mthupi ku khansa. Chitetezo chamthupi chimapangidwa kuti chilumikizane ndi adani akunja osawononga maselo ena mthupi. Kumbukirani, maselo a khansa samawoneka ngati achilendo ku chitetezo cha mthupi.

Kawirikawiri, mamolekyulu ofufuzira zinthu omwe ali pamwamba pa maselo amalepheretsa maselo a T kuti awaukire. Checkpoint inhibitors amathandizira ma T kuti apewe malowa, kuwalola kuti athe kuwononga ma cell a khansa.

Ma anti-checkpoint inhibitors amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza khansa yam'mapapo ndi khansa yapakhungu.

Tawonanso mawonekedwe a immunotherapy, olembedwa ndi munthu yemwe wakhala zaka makumi awiri akuphunzira ndikuyesa njira zosiyanasiyana.

Mankhwala a Gene

Mankhwala a Gene ndi njira yothandizira matenda pakusintha kapena kusintha majini mkati mwa maselo amthupi. Chibadwa chimakhala ndi code yomwe imatulutsa mitundu yambiri yama protein. Mapuloteni, nawonso, amakhudza momwe maselo amakulira, momwe amakhalira, komanso momwe amalumikizirana.

Pankhani ya khansa, majini amayamba kukhala opunduka kapena owonongeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maselo ena atuluke ndikupanga chotupa. Cholinga cha chithandizo cha majini a khansa ndikuchiza matenda ndikusintha kapena kusintha zidziwitso zowonongekazo ndi nambala yathanzi.

Ofufuzawa akupitilizabe kuphunzira zamankhwala ambiri amtundu m'malabu kapena mayesero azachipatala.

Gene kusintha

Kukonzekera kwa Gene ndi njira yowonjezerera, kuchotsa, kapena kusintha majini. Amatchedwanso kusintha kwa genome. Potengera chithandizo cha khansa, jini yatsopano imayambitsidwa m'maselo a khansa. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti ma cell a khansa afe kapena kuwalepheretsa kukula.

Kafukufuku akadali koyambirira, koma akuwonetsa lonjezo. Pakadali pano, kafukufuku wambiri wokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa majini adakhudza nyama kapena maselo akutali, m'malo mwa maselo amunthu. Koma kafukufuku akupitabe patsogolo ndikusintha.

Dongosolo la CRISPR ndi chitsanzo cha kusintha kwa majini komwe kumakopa chidwi kwambiri. Njirayi imalola ofufuza kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito ma enzyme komanso chidutswa cha nucleic acid. Enzymeyo imachotsa dongosolo la DNA, kulola kuti lisinthidwe ndikuchita mwadongosolo. Zimakhala ngati kugwiritsa ntchito "kupeza ndikusintha" ntchito pulogalamu yamawu.

Njira yoyesera yachipatala yoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito CRISPR idawunikiridwa posachedwa. Poyesa kuyezetsa magazi, ofufuzawo akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa CRISPR kusintha ma T maselo mwa anthu omwe ali ndi myeloma, melanoma, kapena sarcoma.

Kumanani ndi ena mwa ofufuza omwe akugwira ntchito kuti apange kusintha majini.

Virotherapy

Mitundu yambiri yama virus imawononga khungu lawo monga gawo lazomwe amachita. Izi zimapangitsa ma virus kukhala mankhwala owoneka bwino a khansa. Virotherapy ndimomwe amagwiritsira ntchito ma virus kupha ma cell a khansa.

Ma virus omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu virotherapy amatchedwa ma virus a oncolytic. Amasinthidwa kuti abwezeretse ndikuwongolera mkati mwa maselo a khansa.

Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti kachilombo ka oncolytic kakapha khungu la khansa, ma antigen okhudzana ndi khansa amatulutsidwa. Ma antibodies amatha kumangirira ma antigen awa ndikuyambitsa chitetezo chamthupi.

Ngakhale ofufuza akuyang'ana kugwiritsa ntchito ma virus angapo amtundu wa mankhwalawa, ndi amodzi okha omwe avomerezedwa mpaka pano. Amatchedwa T-VEC (talimogene laherparepvec). Ndi kachilombo kosinthidwa ka herpes. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa yapakhungu ya khansa ya khansa ya khansa ya khansa ya khansa yomwe singathe kuchotsedwa opaleshoni.

Thandizo la mahomoni

Thupi mwachilengedwe limapanga mahomoni, omwe amakhala ngati amithenga kumatumba ndi maselo amthupi lanu. Amathandizira kuwongolera ntchito zambiri zamthupi.

Thandizo la mahomoni limaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa kupanga mahomoni. Khansa zina zimazindikira kuchuluka kwa mahomoni. Kusintha kwa milingo iyi kungakhudze kukula ndi kupulumuka kwa ma cell a khansa. Kuchepetsa kapena kutseka kuchuluka kwa mahomoni ofunikira kumatha kuchepetsa kukula kwa mitundu iyi ya khansa.

Mankhwala a Hormone nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa ya m'mawere, khansa ya prostate, ndi khansa ya m'mimba.

Nkhani za Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles ndizazing'ono kwambiri. Ndi zazing'ono kuposa maselo. Kukula kwawo kumawalola kuti aziyenda mthupi lonse ndikuyanjana ndi maselo osiyanasiyana ndi mamolekyulu azachilengedwe.

Nanoparticles ikulonjeza zida zothandizira khansa, makamaka ngati njira yoperekera mankhwala kumalo otupa. Izi zitha kuthandiza kuti chithandizo cha khansa chithandizire ndikuchepetsa zovuta.

Ngakhale mtundu uwu wa nanoparticle therapy ukadali kotukuka, makina operekera ndi nanoparticle amavomerezedwa kuti athetse mitundu ingapo ya khansa. Mankhwala ena a khansa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa nanoparticle pano ali m'mayesero azachipatala.

Khalani odziwa

Dziko la chithandizo cha khansa likukula mosasintha. Khalani ndi zinthu izi:

• . National Cancer Institute (NCI) imasunga tsambalo. Imasinthidwa pafupipafupi ndimitu yokhudza kafukufuku waposachedwa wa khansa ndi njira zochiritsira.
• . Iyi ndi nkhokwe yosaka yazidziwitso zamayesero azachipatala othandizidwa ndi NCI.
• Gulu la Cancer Research Institute. Iyi ndi blog yolembedwa ndi Cancer Research Institute. Imasinthidwa pafupipafupi ndi zolemba zakufufuza kwaposachedwa.
• Bungwe la American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society imapereka zidziwitso zaposachedwa pamalamulo owunika za khansa, chithandizo chopezeka, ndi zosintha pakufufuza.
• Chipatala.it. Pa mayesero azachipatala apano komanso otseguka padziko lonse lapansi, onani nkhokwe ya U.S.