Katemera: zomwe ali, mitundu yake ndi zomwe amapangira
Zamkati
- Mitundu ya katemera
- Momwe katemera amapangidwira
- Gawo 1
- Mzere 2
- Gawo 3:
- Ndondomeko ya katemera wadziko lonse
- 1. Makanda mpaka miyezi 9
- 2. Ana azaka zapakati pa 1 ndi 9
3. Akuluakulu ndi ana azaka 10 zakubadwa- Mafunso ambiri okhudzana ndi katemera
- 1. Kodi katemera amateteza moyo wonse?
- 2. Kodi katemera angagwiritsidwe ntchito ali ndi pakati?
- 3. Kodi katemera amachititsa anthu kukomoka?
- 4. Kodi amayi omwe akuyamwitsa angalandire katemera?
- 5. Kodi mungakhale ndi katemera wopitilira umodzi nthawi imodzi?
- 6. Kodi katemera wophatikizidwa ndi chiani?
Katemera ndi zinthu zopangidwa mu labotale yomwe ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuphunzitsa chitetezo cha mthupi motsutsana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matenda, chifukwa zimathandizira kupanga ma antibodies, omwe ndi zinthu zomwe thupi limapanga kuti zilimbane ndi tizilombo tomwe tikulowa. Chifukwa chake, thupi limapanga ma antibodies musanakumane ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, ndikuwasiya okonzeka kuchita mwachangu izi zikachitika.
Ngakhale katemera ambiri amafunika kuperekedwa kudzera mu jakisoni, palinso katemera yemwe angatenge pakamwa, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi OPV, yomwe ndi katemera wa polio wamlomo.
Kuphatikiza pakukonzekeretsa thupi kuyankha matenda, katemera amachepetsanso kukula kwa zizindikilo ndikuteteza anthu onse mderalo, chifukwa amachepetsa chiopsezo chotenga matenda. Onani zifukwa zisanu ndi imodzi zabwino zokatemera katemera ndikusunganso chiphasochi.
Mitundu ya katemera
Katemera akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri, kutengera kapangidwe kake:
- Katemera wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: tizilombo timene timayambitsa matendawa timakumana ndi njira zosiyanasiyana mu labotale zomwe zimachepetsa ntchito zake. Chifukwa chake, katemera akaperekedwa, chitetezo chamthupi chotsutsana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda chimalimbikitsidwa, koma matendawa samakula, chifukwa tizilombo timafooka. Zitsanzo za katemerayu ndi katemera wa BCG, ma virus atatu ndi nthomba;
- Katemera wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena wakufa: Amakhala ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe sitimapangitsa thupi kuyankha, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi katemera wa hepatitis komanso katemera wa meningococcal.
Kuyambira pomwe katemerayu waperekedwa, chitetezo cha mthupi chimagwira ntchito mwachindunji pa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, kapena tizidutswa tawo, ndikulimbikitsa kupanga ma antibodies ena. Ngati munthuyo angakumane ndi opatsirana mtsogolo, chitetezo chamthupi chimatha kulimbana ndikupewa kukula kwa matendawa.
Momwe katemera amapangidwira
Kupanga katemera ndikuwapatsa anthu onse ndi njira yovuta yomwe imakhudza masitepe angapo, ndichifukwa chake kupanga katemera kumatha kutenga pakati pa miyezi mpaka zaka zingapo.
Gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakupanga katemera ndi:
Gawo 1
Katemera woyeserera amapangidwa ndikuyesedwa ndi zidutswa za akufa, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe sagwira ntchito kapena ochepetsa kapena othandizira opatsirana mwa anthu ochepa, kenako zomwe zimachitika mthupi zimawoneka pambuyo poyendetsa katemera ndikukula kwa zotsatirapo.
Gawo loyambali limakhala pafupifupi zaka ziwiri ndipo ngati pali zotsatira zokhutiritsa, katemerayu amapitilira gawo lachiwiri.
Mzere 2
Katemera yemweyo ayamba kuyesedwa mwa anthu ochulukirapo, mwachitsanzo anthu 1000, komanso kuwonjezera pakuwona momwe thupi lanu limachitira ndi zoyipa zomwe zimachitika, timayesetsa kupeza ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala ndi yothandiza kuti tipeze Mlingo wokwanira, womwe umakhala ndi zovuta zochepa, koma womwe umatha kuteteza anthu onse, padziko lonse lapansi.
Gawo 3:
Poganiza kuti katemera yemweyu adapambana mpaka gawo lachiwiri, amapita mgawo lachitatu, lomwe limaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito katemerayu kwa anthu ambiri, mwachitsanzo 5000, ndikuwona ngati ali otetezedwa kapena ayi.
Komabe, ngakhale ndi katemerayu m'gawo lomaliza la kuyezetsa, ndikofunikira kuti munthuyo azitsatira zodzitetezera zomwezo zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha wothandizirayo yemwe akuyambitsa matendawa. Chifukwa chake, ngati katemera woyeserera ndi wa HIV, mwachitsanzo, ndikofunikira kuti munthu apitilize kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu ndikupewa kugawana singano.
Ndondomeko ya katemera wadziko lonse
Pali katemera omwe ndi gawo limodzi la mapulani a katemera adziko lonse, omwe amaperekedwa kwaulere, ndi ena omwe angaperekedwe kuchipatala kapena ngati munthuyo akupita kumalo komwe kuli chiopsezo chotenga matenda opatsirana.
Katemera omwe ali m'gulu la katemera wadziko lonse omwe atha kuperekedwa kwaulere ndi monga:
1. Makanda mpaka miyezi 9
Kwa ana osakwana miyezi 9, katemera wamkulu mu katemera ndi awa:
Pobadwa | Miyezi iwiri | 3 miyezi | Miyezi inayi | Miyezi 5 | Miyezi 6 | Miyezi 9 | |
Zamgululi Chifuwa chachikulu | Mlingo umodzi | ||||||
Chiwindi B | Mlingo woyamba | ||||||
Zowonjezera (DTPa) Diphtheria, kafumbata, chifuwa, chiwindi B ndi meninjaitisi Haemophilus influenzae b | Mlingo woyamba | Mlingo wachiwiri | Mlingo wachitatu | ||||
VIP / VOP Poliyo | Mlingo wa 1 (wokhala ndi VIP) | Mlingo wa 2 (wokhala ndi VIP) | Mlingo wa 3 (wokhala ndi VIP) | ||||
Pneumococcal 10V Matenda oyambitsa ndi pachimake otitis media omwe amayamba chifukwa cha Streptococcus pneumoniae | Mlingo woyamba | Mlingo wachiwiri | |||||
Rotavirus Matenda a m'mimba | Mlingo woyamba | Mlingo wachiwiri | |||||
Meningococcal C Matenda a meningococcal, kuphatikizapo meningitis | Mlingo woyamba | Mlingo wachiwiri | |||||
Malungo achikasu | Mlingo woyamba |
2. Ana azaka zapakati pa 1 ndi 9
Kwa ana azaka zapakati pa 1 ndi 9, katemera wamkulu yemwe akuwonetsedwa mu katemera ndi awa:
Miyezi 12 | Miyezi 15 | Zaka 4 - zaka 5 | zaka zisanu ndi zinayi | |
Mabakiteriya atatu (DTPa) Diphtheria, kafumbata ndi chifuwa | Kulimbitsa koyamba (ndi DTP) | Kulimbitsa kwachiwiri (ndi VOP) | ||
VIP / VOP Poliyo | Kulimbitsa koyamba (ndi VOP) | Kulimbitsa kwachiwiri (ndi VOP) | ||
Pneumococcal 10V Matenda oyambitsa ndi pachimake otitis media omwe amayamba chifukwa cha Streptococcus pneumoniae | Kulimbitsa | |||
Meningococcal C Matenda a meningococcal, kuphatikizapo meningitis | Kulimbitsa | 1 kulimbitsa | ||
Mavairasi atatu Chikuku, chikuku, rubella | Mlingo woyamba | |||
Nthomba | Mlingo wachiwiri | |||
Chiwindi A. | Mlingo umodzi | |||
Tetra yachiwerewere
| Mlingo umodzi | |||
HPV Vuto la papilloma | Mlingo 2 (atsikana azaka 9 mpaka 14) | |||
Malungo achikasu | Kulimbitsa | Mlingo umodzi (wa anthu osalandira katemera) |
3. Akuluakulu ndi ana azaka 10 zakubadwa
Achinyamata, achikulire, okalamba ndi amayi apakati, katemera nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa pomwe dongosolo la katemera silinatsatiridwe ali mwana. Chifukwa chake, katemera wamkulu yemwe akuwonetsedwa panthawiyi ndi awa:
Zaka 10 mpaka 19 | Akuluakulu | Okalamba (> zaka 60) | Oyembekezera | |
Chiwindi B Iwonetsedwa pomwe kunalibe katemera pakati pa miyezi 0 ndi 6 | Mapulogalamu atatu | Mlingo wa 3 (kutengera katemera) | Mapulogalamu atatu | Mapulogalamu atatu |
Meningococcal ACWY Neisseria meningitidis | Mlingo umodzi (zaka 11 mpaka 12) | |||
Malungo achikasu | Mlingo umodzi (wa anthu osalandira katemera) | 1 akutumikira | ||
Mavairasi atatu Chikuku, chikuku, rubella Iwonetsedwa pomwe kunalibe katemera mpaka miyezi 15 | Mlingo wa 2 (mpaka zaka 29) | Mlingo 2 (mpaka zaka 29) kapena mlingo umodzi (pakati pa zaka 30 ndi 59) | ||
Wachikulire wachikulire Diphtheria ndi kafumbata | 3 Mlingo | Zolimbitsa zaka 10 zilizonse | Zolimbitsa zaka 10 zilizonse | Mapangidwe awiri |
HPV Vuto la papilloma virus | Mapangidwe awiri | |||
wamkulu dTpa Diphtheria, kafumbata ndi chifuwa | Mlingo umodzi | Mlingo umodzi m'mimba iliyonse |
Onerani vidiyo yotsatirayi ndikumvetsetsa chifukwa chake katemera ndiwofunika:
Mafunso ambiri okhudzana ndi katemera
1. Kodi katemera amateteza moyo wonse?
Nthawi zina, kukumbukira kwama immunological kumatenga moyo wonse, komabe, mwa ena, ndikofunikira kulimbikitsa katemera, monga matenda a meningococcal, diphtheria kapena tetanus, mwachitsanzo.
Ndikofunikanso kudziwa kuti katemerayu amatenga nthawi kuti agwire ntchito, ndiye ngati munthuyo atenga kachilomboka atangomaliza kumwa, katemerayo sangakhale wogwira mtima ndipo munthuyo atha kudwala.
2. Kodi katemera angagwiritsidwe ntchito ali ndi pakati?
Inde, popeza ali pachiwopsezo, amayi apakati ayenera kumwa katemera, monga katemera wa chimfine, hepatitis B, diphtheria, kafumbata ndi chifuwa, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza mayi wapakati ndi mwana. Kasamalidwe ka katemera wina ayenera kuyesedwa pamodzinso ndi momwe adalangizire dokotala. Onani kuti ndi katemera wotani amene ali ndi pakati.
3. Kodi katemera amachititsa anthu kukomoka?
Ayi. Nthawi zambiri, anthu omwe amapita kunja atalandira katemera amayamba chifukwa choopa singano, chifukwa amamva kupweteka komanso kuchita mantha.
4. Kodi amayi omwe akuyamwitsa angalandire katemera?
Inde. Katemera angaperekedwe kwa azimayi oyamwitsa, pofuna kuteteza mayiyo kuti asapatsire mwana wake mavairasi kapena bakiteriya, komabe ndikofunikira kuti mayiyu azitsogoleredwa ndi dokotala. Katemera yekhayo wotsutsana ndi azimayi omwe akuyamwitsa ndi yellow fever ndi dengue.
5. Kodi mungakhale ndi katemera wopitilira umodzi nthawi imodzi?
Inde. Kupereka katemera wopitilira umodzi nthawi imodzi sikuvulaza thanzi lanu.
6. Kodi katemera wophatikizidwa ndi chiani?
Katemera wophatikizidwa ndi omwe amateteza munthuyo ku matenda opitilira amodzi komanso momwe amafunikira jakisoni m'modzi kokha, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi ma virus atatu, tetraviral kapena bakiteriya penta, mwachitsanzo.