Kuphulika Koipitsitsa mu Mbiri ya US

Zamkati

• 1633-1634: Nthomba yochokera kwaomwe amakhala ku Europe
• 1793: Malungo achikasu ochokera ku Caribbean
• 1832-1866: Cholera m'mafunde atatu
• 1858: Scarlet fever imabweranso m'mafunde
• 1906-1907: "Mary Wamphepo Yamkuntho"
• 1918: H1N1 chimfine
• 1921-1925: Mliri wa Diphtheria
• 1916-1955: Kukula kwa poliyo
• 1957: H2N2 chimfine
• 1981-1991: Kuphulika kwachiwiri chikuku
• 1993: Madzi owonongeka ku Milwaukee
• 2009: H1N1 chimfine
• 2010, 2014: Kutsokomola
• 1980s kupereka: HIV ndi Edzi
• 2020: COVID-19
• Khalani osinthidwa
• Maphunziro
• Dzitetezeni komanso banja lanu

Mliri uli ku Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ngati kuwonjezeka kwadzidzidzi kwa miliri ya matenda opatsirana mdera kapena madera ena munthawi inayake.

Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa matenda omwewo mdera lopyola pomwe oyang'anira zaumoyo akuyembekeza kuwona ndikutuluka. Mawuwa atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosinthana, ngakhale miliri imadziwika kuti ikufala kwambiri.

Kwa zaka zambiri, matenda ambiri opatsirana adachitika ndikufalikira ku United States.

1633-1634: Nthomba yochokera kwaomwe amakhala ku Europe

Nthomba inabwera ku North America m'ma 1600. Zizindikiro zake zimaphatikizapo kutentha thupi kwambiri, kuzizira, kupweteka kwambiri msana, ndi zotupa. Zinayambira kumpoto chakum'mawa ndipo anthu aku America achimereka adasokonekera chifukwa chakufalikira kumadzulo.

Mu 1721, milandu yoposa 6,000 idanenedwa kuti inali 11,000 ya anthu aku Boston. Pafupifupi anthu 850 adamwalira ndi matendawa.

Mu 1770, a Edward Jenner adapanga katemera wochokera ku nthomba. Zimathandiza kuti thupi lizitetezedwa ndi nthomba popanda kuyambitsa matendawa.

Tsopano: Atalandira katemera waukulu mu 1972, nthomba yachoka ku United States. M'malo mwake, katemera safunikiranso.

1793: Malungo achikasu ochokera ku Caribbean

M'nyengo ina yotentha, othawa kwawo omwe adathawa mliri wachikasu ku zilumba za Caribbean adapita ku Philadelphia, atatenga kachilomboko.

Yellow fever imayambitsa chikasu pakhungu, malungo, ndikusanza kwamagazi. Pakubuka kwa 1793, akuti anthu 10 peresenti ya mzindawu adamwalira ndipo ena ambiri adathawa mzindawo kuti apewe.

Katemera adapangidwa kenako ndikupatsidwa chilolezo mu 1953. Katemera m'modzi ndi wokwanira moyo. Amalimbikitsidwa makamaka kwa miyezi 9 iyi kapena kupitilira apo, makamaka ngati mumakhala kapena mukuyenda kumalo omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu.

Mutha kupeza mndandanda wamayiko omwe katemerayu amalimbikitsidwa kuyenda patsamba la Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Tsopano: Udzudzu ndi wofunikira pakufalitsa matendawa, makamaka kumadera monga Central America, South America, ndi Africa. Kuchotsa udzudzu wakwanitsa kuthetsa matenda a yellow fever.

Ngakhale yellow fever ilibe mankhwala, wina amene amachira amakhala ndi chitetezo m'moyo wake wonse.

1832-1866: Cholera m'mafunde atatu

United States inali ndi mafunde atatu akolera, matenda am'mimba, pakati pa 1832 ndi 1866. Mliriwu udayamba ku India ndipo udafalikira mwachangu padziko lonse lapansi kudzera m'njira zamalonda.

New York City unali mzinda woyamba ku U.S. Pakati pa anthu onse adamwalira m'mizinda yayikulu.

Sizikudziwika chomwe chidathetsa mliriwu, koma mwina mwina ndikusintha kwanyengo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopumira. Pofika koyambirira kwa ma 1900, kufalikira kudatha.

Chithandizo chofulumira ndichofunika chifukwa kolera imatha kupha. Chithandizochi chimaphatikizapo maantibayotiki, zinc supplementation, ndi kubwezeretsanso madzi m'thupi.

Tsopano: Cholera imayambitsanso pafupifupi chaka padziko lonse lapansi, malinga ndi CDC. Zimbudzi zamakono ndi madzi akumwa zathandiza kuthetsa kolera m'maiko ena, koma kachilomboka kamapezekabe kwina kulikonse.

Mutha kupeza katemera wa kolera ngati mukukonzekera kupita kumadera omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Njira yabwino yopewera kolera ndiyo kusamba m'manja nthawi zonse ndi sopo komanso kupewa kumwa madzi oyipa.

1858: Scarlet fever imabweranso m'mafunde

Scarlet fever ndi matenda a bakiteriya omwe amatha kuchitika pambuyo pakhosi. Monga kolera, miliri yofiira kwambiri imabwera mafunde.

Scarlet fever nthawi zambiri. Ndi osowa mwa ana ochepera zaka 3. Akuluakulu omwe amakumana ndi ana odwala amakhala ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka.

Kafukufuku wakale akuti matenda ofiira ofooka adachepa chifukwa chodya bwino, koma kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kusintha kwaumoyo wa anthu ndizomwe zimayambitsa.

Tsopano: Palibe katemera woteteza strep throat kapena scarlet fever. Ndikofunikira kwa iwo omwe ali ndi zizindikiro za khosi kuti apeze chithandizo mwachangu. Dokotala wanu amachiza malungo ofiira ofiira ndi maantibayotiki.

1906-1907: "Mary Wamphepo Yamkuntho"

Imodzi mwa miliri yayikulu yamatenda a typhoid yomwe idayamba pakati pa 1906 ndi 1907 ku New York.

Mary Mallon, yemwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "Typhoid Mary," amafalitsa kachilomboka kwa anthu pafupifupi 122 ku New York panthawi yomwe anali wophika pamalo ogulitsira komanso kuchipatala.

About New Yorkers omwe adatenga kachilomboka ndi Mary Mallon adamwalira. CDC imapha anthu 13,160 mu 1906 ndi anthu 12,670 mu 1907.

Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kunawonetsa kuti Mallon anali wonyamula wathanzi wa tayifodi. Matenda a typhoid amatha kuyambitsa matenda komanso mawanga ofiira pachifuwa ndi pamimba.

Katemera adapangidwa mu 1911, ndipo mankhwala a antibiotic a typhoid fever adayamba kupezeka mu 1948.

Tsopano: Masiku ano malungo a typhoid ndi osowa. Koma imatha kufalikira kudzera mwa kukhudzana mwachindunji ndi anthu omwe ali ndi kachilomboka, komanso kumwa zakudya kapena madzi owonongeka.

1918: H1N1 chimfine

H1N1 ndi mtundu wa chimfine chomwe chimafalikira padziko lonse lapansi chaka chilichonse.

Mu 1918, unali mtundu wa chimfine kumbuyo kwa mliri wa fuluwenza, womwe nthawi zina umatchedwa chimfine cha ku Spain (ngakhale sichinachokere kwenikweni ku Spain).

Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itatha, anthu odwala chimfine adachepa pang'onopang'ono. Palibe malingaliro omwe anaperekedwa panthawiyo (kuvala maski, kumwa mafuta amakala) anali mankhwala othandiza. Mankhwala amakono akuphatikizapo kupumula pabedi, madzi, ndi mankhwala ochepetsa ma virus.

Tsopano: Matenda a chimfine amasintha chaka chilichonse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti katemera wa chaka chatha asamagwire bwino ntchito. Ndikofunika kupeza katemera wanu wapachaka kuti muchepetse chiopsezo cha chimfine.

1921-1925: Mliri wa Diphtheria

Diphtheria adakwera mu 1921, ndi. Zimayambitsa kutupa kwa mamina, kuphatikiza kukhosi kwanu, komwe kumalepheretsa kupuma ndi kumeza.

Nthawi zina poizoni wa bakiteriya amatha kulowa m'magazi ndikuwononga mtima komanso mitsempha.

Pofika zaka zapakati pa 1920s, ofufuza adaloleza katemera woteteza matenda a bakiteriya. Chiwerengero cha matenda chatsika kwambiri ku United States.

Tsopano: Masiku ano kuposa ana ku United States ali ndi katemera, malinga ndi CDC. Omwe amatenga matendawa amathandizidwa ndi maantibayotiki.

1916-1955: Kukula kwa poliyo

Poliyo ndi matenda amtundu womwe amakhudza dongosolo lamanjenje, ndikupangitsa ziwalo. Imafalikira kudzera pakukhudzana mwachindunji ndi anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa.

Matendawa amachitika pafupipafupi ku United States kupyola zaka za m'ma 1950, ndikuphulika kwa poliyo kawiri mu 1916 komanso mu 1952. Mwa milandu 57,628 yomwe idachitika mu 1952, panali anthu 3,145 omwe adamwalira.

Mu 1955, katemera wa Dr. Jonas Salk adavomerezedwa. Idalandiridwa mwachangu padziko lonse lapansi. Pofika m'chaka cha 1962, milandu yonse inatsika kufika pa 910. Malipoti akuti United States yakhala yopanda poliyo kuyambira 1979.

Tsopano: Kupeza katemera ndikofunikira musanayende. Palibe mankhwala a poliyo. Chithandizochi chimaphatikizapo kukulitsa milingo yotonthoza komanso kupewa zovuta.

1957: H2N2 chimfine

Mliri waukulu wa chimfine udayambiranso mu 1957. Kachilombo ka H2N2, kamene kanayambira mbalame, kanayamba kufotokozedwa ku Singapore mu February 1957, kenako ku Hong Kong mu Epulo 1957.

Inapezeka m'mizinda yakunyanja ku United States mchilimwe cha 1957.

Chiwerengero chakumwalira chinali 1.1 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi ndipo.

Mliriwu umadziwika kuti ndiwofatsa chifukwa udagwidwa msanga. Asayansi adatha kupanga katemera kutengera chidziwitso pakupanga katemera woyamba wa chimfine mu 1942.

Tsopano: H2N2 sichizunguliranso mwa anthu, komabe imapatsira mbalame ndi nkhumba. Ndizotheka kuti kachilomboka kadzadumphanso kuchokera kuzinyama kupita kwa anthu mtsogolo.

1981-1991: Kuphulika kwachiwiri chikuku

Maneles ndi kachilombo kamene kamayambitsa malungo, mphuno, kukhosomola, maso ofiira, ndi zilonda zapakhosi, kenako zotupa zomwe zimafalikira thupi lonse.

Ndi matenda opatsirana kwambiri omwe amafalikira mlengalenga. anagwira chikuku chisanafike katemera. M'chigawo chachiwiri cha zaka za zana la makumi awiri, milandu yambiri idachitika chifukwa choteteza katemera mokwanira.

Madokotala anayamba kulimbikitsa katemera wachiwiri kwa aliyense. Kuyambira pamenepo, chaka chilichonse akhala nawo, ngakhale amapitilira 2019.

Tsopano: United States yakhala ikuphulika pang'ono ndi chikuku m'zaka zaposachedwa. CDC imati apaulendo omwe alibe katemera omwe amapita kumayiko ena atha kutenga matendawa. Akafika kunyumba ku United States, amakapereka kwa ena omwe alibe katemera.

Onetsetsani kuti mupeze katemera onse omwe dokotala akuwalangizani.

1993: Madzi owonongeka ku Milwaukee

Chimodzi mwazomera ziwiri zochizira madzi a Milwaukee chidadetsedwa ndi cryptosporidium, tiziromboti tomwe timayambitsa matenda a cryptosporidiosis. Zizindikiro zake zimaphatikizapo kuchepa kwa madzi m'thupi, kutentha thupi, kukokana m'mimba, ndi kutsegula m'mimba.

Kafukufuku woyambirira adawonetsa kuti anthu 403,000 adadwala ndipo anthu 69 adamwalira, malinga ndi Water Quality & Health Council, ndikupangitsa kuti kufalikira kwamadzi kwakukulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya United States.

Anthu ambiri amachira pawokha. Mwa anthu omwe adamwalira, ambiri anali atasokoneza chitetezo chamthupi.

Tsopano: Cryptosporidiosis ikadali nkhawa yapachaka. CDC imanena kuti milandu pakati pa 2009 ndi 2017. Chiwerengero cha milanduyi ndi kuphulika kumasiyana chaka chilichonse.

Cryptosporidium imafalikira kudzera m'nthaka, chakudya, madzi, kapena kukhudzana ndi ndowe zonyansa. Ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimayambitsa matenda kuchitika nthawi yachisangalalo yogwiritsa ntchito madzi ndipo amatha kufalikira mosavuta kuchokera ku ziweto kapena m'malo osamalira ana.

Onetsetsani kuti mukuchita ukhondo, monga kusamba m'manja, mukamanga msasa, kapena mutakhudza nyama. Pewani kusambira ngati muli ndi matenda otsekula m'mimba.

2009: H1N1 chimfine

M'chaka cha 2009, kachilombo ka H1N1 kanapezeka ku United States ndipo kinafalikira mofulumira mdziko lonse lapansi komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Kuphulika uku kudakhala mutu wankhani ngati chimfine cha nkhumba.

Kuti panali milandu 60.8 miliyoni, 274,304 ogonekedwa mchipatala, ndi anthu 12,469 ku United States.

Padziko lonse lapansi, 80 peresenti ya kufa kwa mliriwu akuti idachitika mwa anthu ochepera zaka 65.

Chakumapeto kwa Disembala 2009, katemera wa H1N1 adayamba kupezeka kwa aliyense amene amaufuna. Magulu a magwiridwe antchito amayamba kuchepa.

Tsopano: Kupsyinjika kwa H1N1 kumazungulirabe nyengo, koma kumayambitsa kufa ndi kugona ochepa. Matenda a chimfine amasintha chaka chilichonse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti katemera wa chaka chatha asamagwire bwino ntchito. Ndikofunika kupeza katemera wanu wapachaka kuti muchepetse chiopsezo cha chimfine.

2010, 2014: Kutsokomola

Pertussis, wotchedwa chifuwa chachikulu, ndi opatsirana kwambiri ndipo ndi amodzi mwamatenda omwe amapezeka kwambiri ku United States. Kuukira kumeneku kumatha miyezi.

Makanda ocheperako kwambiri oti angathe kulandira katemera amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha milandu yomwe ingawopseze moyo. Poyamba,.

Kuphulika kwa chifuwa kumabwera zaka zitatu kapena zisanu zilizonse. CDC kuti kuwonjezeka kwa milanduyo mwina kungakhale "kwachilendo."

Tsopano: Zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa momwe zinalili. CDC anthu onse amafunika katemerayu, koma amayi apakati amatenga katemera m'nthawi ya trimester yachitatu kuti ateteze chitetezo pobadwa.

Ndikulimbikitsanso kuti ana onse, ndi aliyense amene sanalandire katemera kale, alandire katemerayu.

1980s kupereka: HIV ndi Edzi

Woyamba kulembedwa mu 1981, mliri womwe masiku ano umadziwika kuti HIV umawoneka ngati kachilombo kosowa m'mapapo. Tsopano tikudziwa kuti HIV imawononga chitetezo chamthupi ndikuchepetsa mphamvu yake yolimbana ndi matenda.

Edzi ndiye gawo lomaliza la HIV ndipo, malinga ndi CDC, mu 2018 inali yoyambitsa imfa ku United States pakati pa anthu azaka 25 mpaka 34. Chifukwa choti munthu amatenga kachilombo ka HIV sikutanthauza kuti adzadwala Edzi.

HIV imafala pogonana kapena kudzera m'magazi kapena madzi amthupi kuchokera kwa munthu kupita kwa munthu. Ikhoza kufalikira kuchokera kwa mayi kupita kwa mwana wosabadwa ngati sakuchiritsidwa.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (kapena PrEP) ndi njira yoti anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu azipewa kutenga kachirombo ka HIV asanawonekere. Piritsi (lotchedwa Truvada) lili ndi mankhwala awiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi mankhwala ena ochizira HIV.

Munthu akapezeka ndi kachilombo ka HIV kapena pogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, mankhwalawa amatha kuteteza kachilomboka kuti kasayambire kachirombo kosatha.

CDC ikukhulupirira kuti kwanthawi yoyamba m'mbiri yamakedzana, dziko lapansi lili ndi zida zothetsera mliri wa HIV popanda katemera kapena mankhwala, ndikukhazikitsa maziko oti pamapeto pake athetse HIV.

Kulimbana ndi mliriwu kumafunikira kufikira magulu omwe ali pachiwopsezo chamankhwala ndi kupewa.

Tsopano: Ngakhale kulibe mankhwala a kachilombo ka HIV, chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo ka HIV chikhoza kuchepetsedwa kudzera mu njira zotetezera, monga kuonetsetsa kuti singano zathilitsidwa ndikugonana ndi njira zolepheretsa.

Njira zachitetezo zitha kutengedwa panthawi yoyembekezera kuti matendawa asafalitsidwe kuchokera kwa mayi kupita kwa mwana.

Pazadzidzidzi, PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) ndi mankhwala atsopano ochepetsa mphamvu ya kachilombo ka HIV omwe amalepheretsa kachirombo ka HIV mkati mwa maola 72.

2020: COVID-19

Kachilombo ka SARS-CoV-2, mtundu wa coronavirus womwe umayambitsa matenda a COVID-19, udapezeka koyamba mumzinda wa Wuhan, m'chigawo cha Hubei, China kumapeto kwa 2019. Zikuwoneka kuti zimafalikira mosavuta komanso mosavutikira m'deralo.

Milandu yakhala ikunenedwa padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa Meyi 2020, panali milandu yopitilira 1.5 miliyoni komanso anthu opitilira 100,000 ku United States.

Dziwani zambiri ndi zosintha zathu pofalikira kwa COVID-19. Komanso, pitani ku likulu lathu la coronavirus kuti mumve zambiri zamomwe mungakonzekerere, upangiri popewa ndi chithandizo chamankhwala, ndi upangiri wa akatswiri.

Matendawa akhoza kukhala owopsa, ndipo achikulire komanso anthu omwe ali ndi matenda omwe analipo kale, monga matenda amtima kapena am'mapapo kapena matenda ashuga, akuwoneka kuti ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotenga zovuta zowopsa.

Pakadali pano palibe katemera.

Zizindikiro zoyambirira ndi izi:

• malungo
• chifuwa chowuma
• kupuma movutikira
• kutopa

Khalani osinthidwa

Maphunziro

Kudziphunzitsa nokha za kufalikira kwamatenda komwe kungakuthandizeni kumvetsetsa zomwe muyenera kuchita kuti muteteze inu ndi banja lanu komanso kukhala athanzi.

Khalani ndi nthawi yosaka miliri yomwe ikupitilira poyendera ma CDC, makamaka ngati mukuyenda.

Dzitetezeni komanso banja lanu

Nkhani yabwino ndiyakuti kuphulika kambiri komwe kwatchulidwa apa ndikosowa ndipo, nthawi zina, kumatetezedwa. Onetsetsani kuti banja lanu lili ndi katemera asanapite kukalandira chithandizo cha katemera wa chimfine.

Njira zosavuta kukhitchini komanso njira zachitetezo cha chakudya zingatetezenso inu ndi banja lanu kuti musatenge kapena kusamutsa matenda.