HIV / Edzi

Kachilombo ka HIV kamene kamayambitsa Edzi. Munthu akatenga kachilombo ka HIV, kachilomboka kamaukira ndikufooketsa chitetezo cha mthupi. Pamene chitetezo chamthupi chimafooka, munthuyo amakhala pachiwopsezo chotenga matenda owopsa komanso khansa. Izi zikachitika, matenda amatchedwa Edzi. Munthu akakhala ndi kachilomboka, kamakhala m'thupi nthawi zonse.

Tizilomboti timafalikira kwa anthu kudzera m'madzi ena amthupi:

• Magazi
• Umuna ndi preseminal madzimadzi
• Madzi otsekemera
• Zamadzimadzi
• Mkaka wa m'mawere

HIV imatha kufalikira ngati madzi akumana ndi:

• Zilonda zam'mimba (mkamwa, mbolo, nyini, rectum)
• Minofu yowonongeka (minofu yomwe yadulidwa kapena kuchotsedwa)
• Jekeseni mumtsinje wamagazi

HIV singafalikire kudzera thukuta, malovu, kapena mkodzo.

Ku United States, HIV imafalikira makamaka:

• Kudzera pogonana kumaliseche kapena kumatako ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV osagwiritsa ntchito kondomu kapena amene samamwa mankhwala oletsa kuteteza kachirombo ka HIV
• Kudzera pogawira singano kapena zida zina zopangira mankhwala ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi HIV

Nthawi zambiri, HIV imafalikira:

• Kuyambira mayi kupita kwa mwana. Mayi woyembekezera akhoza kufalitsa kachilomboko kwa mwana wake kudzera m'magazi awo onse, kapena mayi woyamwitsa akhoza kumupatsira mwana wake kudzera mkaka wa m'mawere. Kuyezetsa magazi ndi kulandira chithandizo cha amayi omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV kwathandiza kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha ana omwe akutenga HIV.
• Kudzera mu ndodo za singano kapena zinthu zina zakuthwa zomwe zili ndi kachilombo ka HIV (makamaka ogwira ntchito zaumoyo).

Kachiromboka SAKUFALITSIDWA ndi:

• Kulankhulana mwachisawawa, monga kukumbatirana kapena kupsompsonana pakamwa
• Udzudzu kapena ziweto
• Kuchita nawo masewera
• Kukhudza zinthu zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi kachilomboka
• Kudya chakudya chogwiridwa ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi HIV

HIV ndi magazi kapena zopereka m'thupi:

• HIV sichifalikira kwa munthu yemwe amapereka magazi kapena ziwalo. Anthu omwe amapereka ziwalo samalumikizana mwachindunji ndi anthu omwe amazilandira. Momwemonso, munthu amene amapereka magazi samalumikizana ndi amene akuwalandayo. Munthawi zonsezi, singano zosabereka ndi zida zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
• Ngakhale ndizosowa kwambiri, m'mbuyomu HIV idafalikira kwa munthu amene amalandila magazi kapena ziwalo kuchokera kwa woperekayo. Komabe, chiopsezo ichi ndi chochepa kwambiri chifukwa malo osungira magazi ndi mapulogalamu opatsirana ziwalo amafufuza mosamala (kuwunika) omwe amapereka, magazi, ndi minyewa.

Zowopsa zopeza kachilombo ka HIV ndizo:

• Kugonana kumatako kapena kumaliseche mosaziteteza. Kugonana kwa abambo kumatako ndi koopsa kwambiri. Kukhala ndi zibwenzi zingapo kumawonjezeranso ngozi. Kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu yatsopano moyenera nthawi zonse pogonana kumathandiza kuchepetsa chiopsezo.
• Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kugawana masingano kapena masingano.
• Kukhala ndi bwenzi logonana ndi HIV amene samamwa mankhwala a HIV.
• Kukhala ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana.

Zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi kachirombo koyambitsa kachirombo ka HIV (munthu atangoyamba kumene kachilombo) amatha kukhala ofanana ndi chimfine kapena matenda ena a ma virus. Zikuphatikizapo:

• Malungo ndi ululu wa minofu
• Mutu
• Chikhure
• Kutuluka thukuta usiku
• Zilonda za pakamwa, kuphatikizapo matenda a yisiti (thrush)
• Kutupa kwamatenda am'mimba
• Kutsekula m'mimba

Anthu ambiri alibe zizindikilo akangoyamba kumene kutenga kachilombo ka HIV.

Matenda oyambilira a HIV amapitilira milungu ingapo mpaka miyezi kuti akhale kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa ka HIV (palibe zisonyezo). Gawo ili limatha zaka 10 kapena kupitilira apo. Munthawi imeneyi, munthuyo sangakhale ndi chifukwa chokayikira kuti ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, koma amatha kufalitsa kachilomboka kwa ena.

Akapanda kulandira chithandizo, pafupifupi anthu onse omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV amatenga Edzi. Anthu ena amatenga Edzi patangopita zaka zochepa kuchokera pamene ayamba matenda. Ena amakhalabe athanzi atatha zaka 10 kapena 20 (omwe amatchedwa kuti nonprogressor).

Anthu omwe ali ndi Edzi chitetezo cha mthupi chawo chawonongeka ndi HIV. Ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotenga matenda omwe siachilendo kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chitetezo chamthupi chokwanira. Matendawa amatchedwa matenda operewera. Izi zimatha kuyambitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya, mavairasi, bowa, kapena protozoa, ndipo zimatha kukhudza gawo lililonse la thupi. Anthu omwe ali ndi Edzi nawonso ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha khansa zina, makamaka ma lymphomas ndi khansa yapakhungu yotchedwa Kaposi sarcoma.

Zizindikiro zimadalira matendawa komanso gawo liti la thupi lomwe limadwalalo. Matenda a m'mapapo amapezeka mu Edzi ndipo nthawi zambiri amayambitsa chifuwa, malungo, komanso kupuma movutikira. Matenda am'mimba nawonso amapezeka ndipo amatha kuyambitsa kutsekula m'mimba, kupweteka m'mimba, kusanza, kapena kumeza. Kuchepetsa thupi, kutentha thupi, thukuta, zotupa, ndi zotupa zamagulu zotupa ndizofala kwa anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV komanso Edzi.

Pali mayesero omwe amachitidwa kuti aone ngati muli ndi kachilomboka.

KUYESEDWA KWAMBIRI

Mwambiri, kuyesa ndi njira ziwiri:

• Kuyesa kuyesa - Pali mitundu ingapo ya mayeso. Ena amayesedwa magazi, ena amayesedwa madzi amkamwa. Amayang'ana ngati ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV, antigen ka HIV, kapena zonse ziwiri. Mayeso ena owunikira amatha kupereka zotsatira mumphindi 30 kapena kuchepera apo.
• Chiyeso chotsatira - Ichi chimatchedwanso mayeso ovomerezeka. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika mukamayesedwa.

Mayeso apanyumba amapezeka kuti ayesedwe ngati alibe HIV. Ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito imodzi, onetsetsani kuti yavomerezedwa ndi FDA. Tsatirani malangizo pazolembazo kuti muwonetsetse kuti zotsatira zake ndi zolondola momwe zingathere.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) imalimbikitsa kuti aliyense wazaka 15 mpaka 65 ayesedwe ngati ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Anthu omwe ali ndi machitidwe owopsa ayenera kuyesedwa pafupipafupi. Amayi apakati ayeneranso kuyezetsa magazi.

Mayeso atatha kudziwika ndi kachilombo ka HIV

Anthu omwe ali ndi Edzi nthawi zambiri amayesedwa magazi nthawi zonse kuti aone kuchuluka kwa ma CD4:

• Maselo a CD4 T ndi maselo amwazi omwe HIV imawukira. Amatchedwanso maselo a T4 kapena "maselo othandizira a T."
• Pamene kachilombo ka HIV kamawononga chitetezo cha mthupi, chiwerengero cha CD4 chimatsika. Kuwerengera kwabwino kwa CD4 kumachokera pa 500 mpaka 1,500 cell / mm³ mwazi.
• Anthu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zizindikilo CD4 ikafika pansi pa 350. Zovuta zina zimachitika CD4 ikafika pa 200. Akawerengetsa 200, munthuyo amati ali ndi Edzi.

Mayesero ena ndi awa:

• Mulingo wa HIV RNA, kapena kuchuluka kwa ma virus, kuti muwone kuchuluka kwa kachirombo ka HIV m'magazi
• Kuyezetsa magazi kuti muwone ngati kachilomboka sikusintha kalikonse m'mabadwa omwe angapangitse kukana mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza HIV
• Kuwerengera kwathunthu kwa magazi, magazi, komanso mkodzo
• Kuyesedwa kwa matenda ena opatsirana pogonana
• Kuyezetsa TB
• Pap smear kuti aone ngati ali ndi khansa ya pachibelekero
• Anal Pap smear kuti ayang'ane khansa ya anus

HIV / AIDS imachiritsidwa ndi mankhwala omwe amaletsa kachilomboka kuchulukana. Mankhwalawa amatchedwa antiretroviral therapy (ART).

M'mbuyomu, anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV amayamba kumwa mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya kachilombo ka HIV pambuyo poti chiwerengero chawo cha CD4 chatsika kapena atakhala ndi mavuto a HIV. Masiku ano, chithandizo cha HIV chikulimbikitsidwa kwa anthu onse omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, ngakhale kuchuluka kwake kwa CD4 kumakhalabe kwabwino.

Kuyezetsa magazi pafupipafupi kumafunika kuti magazi azikhala otsika kapena kuponderezedwa. Cholinga cha mankhwala ndikuchepetsa kachilombo ka HIV m'magazi kufika pamlingo wotsika kwambiri kotero kuti kuyesa sikungazindikire. Izi zimatchedwa kuchuluka kwa ma virus osadziwika.

Ngati chiwerengero cha CD4 chatsika kale mankhwala asanayambe, nthawi zambiri chimakwera pang'onopang'ono. Matenda a kachilombo ka HIV nthawi zambiri amatha pamene chitetezo cha mthupi chimachira.

Kuyanjana ndi gulu lothandizira pomwe mamembala amagawana zokumana nazo zomwe zimawachitikira komanso mavuto nthawi zambiri kumathandizira kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe okhala ndi matenda okhalitsa.

Ndi chithandizo, anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi HIV / Edzi amatha kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi komanso wabwinobwino.

Mankhwala apano samachiza matendawa. Mankhwalawa amangogwira ntchito malinga ngati amamwa tsiku lililonse. Ngati mankhwala atayimitsidwa, kuchuluka kwa mavairasi kukwera ndipo CD4 count idzatsika. Ngati mankhwalawo samwedwa pafupipafupi, kachilomboka kangathe kugonjetsedwa ndi mankhwala amodzi kapena angapo, ndipo mankhwalawo amasiya kugwira ntchito.

Anthu omwe amalandira chithandizo chamankhwala amafunika kumaonana ndi omwe amawapeza nthawi zonse. Izi ndizowonetsetsa kuti mankhwala akugwira ntchito ndikuwunika zoyipa zamankhwala.

Itanani kuti mudzakumane ndi omwe amakupatsani mwayi ngati muli ndi ziwopsezo zotenga kachirombo ka HIV. Komanso kambiranani ndi omwe amakupatsani chithandizo ngati mukudwala matenda a Edzi. Mwalamulo, zotsatira zakayezetsa HIV ziyenera kusungidwa mwachinsinsi (zachinsinsi). Wothandizira anu awunikanso zotsatira zanu zoyesa.

Kupewa HIV / AIDS:

• Kayezetseni. Anthu omwe sakudziwa kuti ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV ndipo amawoneka ndi thanzi labwino ndi omwe amatha kupatsira ena.
• OGWIRITSA NTCHITO mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndipo musagawane singano kapena ma syringe. Madera ambiri ali ndi mapulogalamu osinthana ndi singano komwe mungachotse ma syringe ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndikupeza atsopano, osabala. Ogwira ntchito pamapulogalamuwa amathanso kukutumizirani mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
• Pewani kukhudzana ndi magazi a munthu wina. Ngati ndi kotheka, valani zovala zoteteza, chophimba kumaso, ndi zikopa zamagalimoto posamalira anthu ovulala.
• Mukapezeka kuti muli ndi kachilombo ka HIV, mutha kupatsira ena. Simuyenera kupereka magazi, plasma, ziwalo zamthupi, kapena umuna.
• Amayi omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV omwe angatenge mimba ayenera kukambirana ndi omwe amawapatsa za chiopsezo cha mwana wawo yemwe sanabadwe. Ayeneranso kukambirana njira zopewera kuti mwana wawo asatenge kachilombo, monga kumwa mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya kachilombo pa nthawi yomwe ali ndi pakati.
• Kuyamwitsa kuyenera kupewedwa kupewa kupewa kupititsa kachilombo ka HIV kwa makanda kudzera mkaka wa m'mawere.

Njira zogonana zodalirika, monga kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu ya latex, ndizothandiza popewa kufalikira kwa HIV. Komabe pali chiopsezo chotenga kachilomboka, ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu (mwachitsanzo, makondomu amatha kung'ambika).

Mwa anthu omwe alibe kachilomboka, koma ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotenga kachilomboka, kutenga mankhwala monga Truvada (emtricitabine ndi tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) kapena Descovy (emtricitabine ndi tenofovir alafenamide) zitha kuthandiza kupewa matendawa. Mankhwalawa amadziwika kuti pre-exposure prophylaxis, kapena PrEP. Lankhulani ndi omwe amakupatsani ngati mukuganiza kuti PrEP ikhoza kukhala yoyenera kwa inu.

Anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV omwe akumwa mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya kachilombo ka HIV ndipo alibe kachilombo m'magazi mwawo sakupatsirana kachilomboka.

Magazi aku US ndi amodzi mwabwino kwambiri padziko lapansi. Pafupifupi anthu onse omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV kudzera m'mwazi omwe adalandiridwayo asanafike 1985, chaka chomwe kuyezetsa magazi kumayambira kwa onse omwe apatsidwa magazi.

Ngati mukukhulupirira kuti mwapezeka ndi kachilombo ka HIV, pitani kuchipatala nthawi yomweyo. Musachedwe. Kuyambitsa mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu yobwezeretsa mutangowonekera (mpaka patatha masiku atatu) kungachepetse mwayi woti mutenge kachilomboka. Izi zimatchedwa post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito popewa kufalikira kwa ogwira ntchito zazaumoyo omwe avulala ndi ma singano.

Matenda a HIV; Kutenga - HIV; Kachilombo ka HIV; Matenda omwe amapezeka mthupi: HIV-1

• Zakudya zolimbitsa thupi - kusamalira ana
• Gastrostomy yodyetsa chubu - bolus
• Thumba lodyetsera la Jejunostomy
• Oral mucositis - kudzisamalira

• Ma STD ndi zachilengedwe
• HIV
• Matenda oyambilira a HIV
• Chilonda chachikulu (aphthous ulcer)
• Matenda a Mycobacterium marinum pamanja
• Dermatitis - seborrheic pamaso
• Edzi
• Kaposi sarcoma - kutseka
• Histoplasmosis, yofalitsidwa ndi wodwala HIV
• Molluscum pachifuwa
• Kaposi sarcoma kumbuyo
• Sarcoma ya Kaposi pa ntchafu
• Molluscum contagiosum pankhope
• Ma antibodies
• Chifuwa cham'mapapo
• Kaposi sarcoma - chotupa pamapazi
• Kaposi sarcoma - perianal
• Herpes zoster (ming'alu) imafalikira
• Dermatitis seborrheic - pafupi

Malo Othandizira Kuteteza ndi Kuteteza tsamba lawebusayiti. Za HIV / AIDS. www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html. Idawunikiridwa Novembala 3, 2020. Idapezeka Novembala 11, 2020.

Malo Othandizira Kuteteza ndi Kuteteza tsamba lawebusayiti. Pewani. www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/prep.html. Idawunikiridwa Novembala 3, 2020. Idapezeka pa Epulo 15, 2019. DiNenno EA, Prejean J, Irwin K, et al. Malangizo pakuwunika kachilombo ka amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndi amuna ena omwe amagonana ndi amuna - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Wachivundi Wkly Rep. 2017; 66 (31): 830-832. (Adasankhidwa) www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6631a3.htm.

Gulick RM. Mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya chitetezo cha mthupi komanso matenda opatsirana m'thupi. Mu: Goldman L, Schafer AI, olemba. Mankhwala a Goldman-Cecil. 26 wa. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 364.

Moyer VA; Gulu Lankhondo Loteteza ku US. Kuunikira kachilombo ka HIV: Ndemanga ya US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2013; 159 (1): 51-60. PMID: 23698354 pubed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23698354/.

Pezani nkhaniyi pa intaneti Reitz MS, Gallo RC. Mavairasi aumunthu. Mu: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, olemba., Eds. Mandell, Douglas, ndi Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 169.

Simonetti F, Dewar R, Maldarelli F. Kuzindikira kwa kachilombo ka HIV kamene kamayambitsa matenda. Mu: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, olemba., Eds. Mandell, Douglas, ndi Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 120.

US department of Health and Human Services, tsamba la Clinical Info.gov. Ndondomeko zogwiritsa ntchito ma ARV kwa akulu ndi achinyamata omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV. clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv/whats-new-guidelines?view=full. Idasinthidwa pa Julayi 10, 2019. Idapezeka Novembala 11, 2020.

Vuto A, Berger JR. Mawonetseredwe amitsempha ya kachirombo ka HIV m'thupi mwa akulu. Mu: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, olemba. Neurology ya Bradley mu Kuchita Zachipatala. Wachisanu ndi chiwiri. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: chap 77.