Njira zazing'ono

M'miyezi 4 mpaka 6 yoyamba ya moyo, makanda amafunikira mkaka wa m'mawere kapena mkaka wokha kuti akwaniritse zosowa zawo zonse. Mitundu ya makanda imaphatikizira ufa, zakumwa zokhazikika, ndi mawonekedwe okonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito.

Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe makanda ochepera miyezi 12 samamwa mkaka wa m'mawere. Ngakhale pali kusiyana, njira zamwana zogulitsidwa ku United States zili ndi michere yonse yomwe ana amafunikira kuti akule bwino.

MITUNDU YA MAFOMU

Ana amafunikira chitsulo m'zakudya zawo. Ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito chilinganizo cholimbitsidwa ndi chitsulo, pokhapokha wothandizira zaumoyo wa mwana wanu atakana.

Njira zokhazikika mkaka wa ng'ombe:

• Pafupifupi ana onse amachita bwino pamafomula okhudzana ndi mkaka wa ng'ombe.
• Mitunduyi imapangidwa ndi mapuloteni amkaka a ng'ombe omwe asinthidwa kuti akhale ngati mkaka wa m'mawere. Amakhala ndi lactose (mtundu wa shuga mumkaka) ndi mchere wochokera mkaka wa ng'ombe.
• Mafuta azamasamba, kuphatikiza mchere ndi mavitamini ena nawonso amapezekanso.
• Kukangana ndi colic ndimavuto ofala kwa ana onse. Nthawi zambiri, njira za mkaka wa ng'ombe sizomwe zimayambitsa izi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti simukuyenera kusintha njira ina ngati mwana wanu ali ndi vuto. Ngati simukudziwa, lankhulani ndi omwe amakupatsani khanda.

Njira Zoyambira:

• Mitunduyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni a soya. Mulibe lactose.
• American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ikuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira mkaka wa ng'ombe ngati zingatheke m'malo motsatira njira za soya.
• Kwa makolo omwe safuna kuti mwana wawo adye mapuloteni azinyama, AAP imalimbikitsa kuyamwitsa. Njira zokhazikitsira soya nawonso ndi njira ina.
• Njira zokhazikitsidwa ndi soya sizinatsimikizidwe kuti zimathandizira chifuwa cha mkaka kapena colic. Ana omwe matupi awo sagwirizana ndi mkaka wa ng'ombe amathanso kukhala osakanikirana ndi mkaka wa soya.
• Njira zopangira soya ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa makanda omwe ali ndi galactosemia, zomwe sizowoneka bwino. Mitunduyi ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kwa makanda omwe sangathe kugaya lactose, zomwe sizachilendo kwa ana ochepera miyezi 12.

Mitundu ya Hypoallergenic (protein protein hydrolyzate formulas):

• Mitundu yamtunduwu itha kukhala yothandiza kwa makanda omwe ali ndi ziwengo zamapuloteni amkaka komanso kwa iwo omwe ali ndi zotupa pakhungu kapena kufinya komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chifuwa.
• Mitundu ya Hypoallergenic nthawi zambiri imakhala yokwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa njira wamba.

Njira zopanda Lactose:

• Mitunduyi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa galactosemia komanso kwa ana omwe sangathe kugaya lactose.
• Mwana amene ali ndi matenda otsekula m'mimba nthawi zambiri safunika kumwa mkaka wopanda lactose.

Pali njira zopangira ana omwe ali ndi mavuto ena azaumoyo. Katswiri wanu wa ana adzakudziwitsani ngati mwana wanu akusowa chilinganizo chapadera. Musapereke izi pokhapokha dokotala wanu atavomereza.

• Mitundu ya Reflux isanakwane ndi wowuma mpunga. Nthawi zambiri amafunikira ana akhanda omwe ali ndi Reflux omwe sakulemera kapena omwe sakhala omangika.
• Njira za makanda obadwa asanakwane komanso ocheperako amakhala ndi zopatsa mphamvu ndi mchere wambiri kuti akwaniritse zosowa za makanda awa.
• Njira zapadera zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa makanda omwe ali ndi matenda amtima, malabsorption syndromes, komanso mavuto akumeza mafuta kapena kukonza ma amino acid.

Mitundu yatsopano yopanda gawo lomveka:

• Njira zazing'ono zimaperekedwa ngati chakudya chowonjezera cha ana omwe sakonda kudya. Mpaka pano, sanawonetsedwe kuti ali bwino kuposa mkaka wonse komanso ma multivitamini. Komanso ndiokwera mtengo.

Mitundu yambiri ingagulidwe motere:

• Mafomu okonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito - safunika kuwonjezera madzi; ndizosavuta, koma zimawononga zambiri.
• Mitundu yokhazikika yamadzi - imafunika kusakanizidwa ndi madzi, yotsika mtengo.
• Mitundu ya ufa - iyenera kusakanizidwa ndi madzi, yotsika mtengo kwambiri.

AAP imalimbikitsa kuti makanda onse azidyetsedwa mkaka wa m'mawere kapena chitsulo cholimba chachitsulo kwa miyezi 12.

Mwana wanu amakhala ndi kadyedwe kosiyana pang'ono, kutengera ngati amayamwitsidwa kapena mkaka wamsana.

Mwambiri, ana oyamwitsa amakonda kudya pafupipafupi.

Ana omwe amadyetsedwa pamafomu amafunika kudya kangapo kasanu ndi kamodzi kapena kasanu ndi kamodzi patsiku.

• Yambitsani ana obadwa kumene ndi ma ola awiri kapena atatu (60 mpaka 90 milliliters) amadzimadzi pakudya (kwa ma ola 16 mpaka 24 kapena 480 mpaka 720 milliliters patsiku).
• Mwanayo ayenera kukhala mpaka ma ounike 4 (mamililita 120) pakudya kumapeto kwa mwezi woyamba.
• Mofanana ndi kuyamwitsa, kuchuluka kwa chakudya kumachepa mwana akamakula, koma kuchuluka kwa chilinganizo kudzawonjezeka mpaka ma ola 6 mpaka 8 (180 mpaka 240 milliliters) pakudya.
• Pafupifupi, mwana amayenera kudya pafupifupi ma ola 2 75 (75 milliliters) a chilinganizo cha paundi (453 magalamu) a thupi.
• Pakadutsa miyezi 4 mpaka 6, khanda liyenera kumwa mapiritsi 20 mpaka 40 (600 mpaka 1200 milliliters) a chilinganizo ndipo nthawi zambiri limakhala lokonzekera kuyamba zakudya zolimba.

Mkaka wa makanda ungagwiritsidwe ntchito mpaka mwana atakwanitsa chaka chimodzi.AAP siyiyamwitsa mkaka wang'ombe wokhazikika kwa ana osakwana chaka chimodzi. Pakatha chaka chimodzi, mwanayo amangopeza mkaka wokwanira, osati mkaka wocheperako kapena wopanda mafuta.

Mitundu yokhazikika imakhala ndi 20 Kcal / ounce kapena 20 Kcal / 30 milliliters ndi 0.45 magalamu a protein / ounce kapena 0,45 magalamu a protein / 30 milliliters. Mitundu yochokera mkaka wa ng'ombe ndi yoyenera kwa ana ambiri omwe amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali komanso asanabadwe.

Makanda omwe amamwa mkaka wokwanira ndipo akulemera nthawi zambiri safuna mavitamini kapena michere yowonjezera. Wopezayo akhoza kukupatsirani fluoride wowonjezera ngati chilinganizo chikupangidwa ndi madzi omwe sanapangidwe fluoridated.

Chilinganizo kudyetsa; Kudyetsa botolo; Kusamalira akhanda - chilinganizo cha khanda; Kusamalira ana - njira yopangira khanda

American Academy of Pediatrics. Kuchuluka ndi dongosolo lazakudya zamagulu. www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/formula-feeding/Pages/Amount-and-Schedule-of-Formula-Feedings.aspx. Idasinthidwa pa Julayi 24, 2018. Idapezeka pa Meyi 21, 2019.

Mapaki EP, Shaikhalil A, Sainath NN, Mitchell JA, Brownell JN, Stallings VA. Kudyetsa ana athanzi, ana, komanso achinyamata. Mu: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, olemba. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Wolemba 21. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 56.

Seery A. Kudyetsa khanda mwachizolowezi. Mu: Kellerman RD, Rakel DP, olemba., Eds. Therapy Yamakono ya Conn 2019. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier 2019: 1213-1220.