Makumi Akuda: Zakudya 12 Zomwe Zili Ndi Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo

Zamkati

• Kodi Mndandanda Woyipa Ndi Wotani?
• Mndandanda wa Zakudya Zakhumi Zakhumi za 2018
• Kodi Tizirombo toyambitsa matenda Tomwe Tili Ndi Chakudya Chathu Ndi Chovulaza?
• Kodi Zachilengedwe Zimakhala Ndi Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo?
• Kodi Muyenera Kupewa Mitundu Yonse Yazakudya Zakhumi Zakhumi?
• Njira Zochepetsera Tizilombo Tizilombo tochokera ku Zakudya
• Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri

Kufunika kwa zokolola zamtundu wakula kwambiri pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi.

Anthu aku America adawononga ndalama zoposa 26 biliyoni pazinthu zachilengedwe mu 2010 poyerekeza ndi biliyoni imodzi mu 1990 ().

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto azakudya zachilengedwe ndizowonetsa mankhwala.

Chaka chilichonse, Environmental Working Group (EWG) imatulutsa Dirty Dozen ™ - mndandanda wazipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba 12 zosakhala zachilengedwe kwambiri pamatsalira a mankhwala ophera tizilombo.

Nkhaniyi yatchulapo zakudya zakuda za Dazeni zaposachedwa, imasiyanitsa zowona ndi nthano pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikufotokozera njira zosavuta zochepetsera kupezeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo.

Kodi Mndandanda Woyipa Ndi Wotani?

Environmental Working Group (EWG) ndi bungwe lopanda phindu lomwe limayang'ana kuphunzitsa anthu pazinthu monga zaulimi, kuteteza zachilengedwe komanso momwe mankhwala amathandizira paumoyo wa anthu (2).

Kuchokera mu 1995, EWG yatulutsa Dirty Dozen - mndandanda wazipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zomwe zimakonzedwa moyenera zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo.

Mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi zinthu zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muulimi kuteteza mbewu kuti zisawonongeke ndi tizilombo, kupanikizika kwa udzu ndi matenda.

Polemba mndandanda wa Dirty Dozen, EWG imasanthula zitsanzo zopitilira 38,000 zotengedwa ndi USDA ndi FDA kuti isankhe olakwira kwambiri (3).

EWG imagwiritsa ntchito njira zisanu ndi imodzi kuti ipeze mankhwala ophera tizilombo (3):

• Peresenti yazitsanzo zoyesedwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo
• Peresenti yazitsanzo yokhala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo awiri kapena kupitilira apo
• Avereji ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapezeka pachitsanzo chimodzi
• Avereji kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapezeka, amayeza m'magawo miliyoni
• Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapezeka pachitsanzo chimodzi
• Chiwerengero cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapezeka pa mbeu

EWG imanena kuti njirayi "ikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba" (3).

Ngakhale EWG ikuti mndandandawu ungathandize ogula kupewa kupezeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, akatswiri ena - kuphatikiza asayansi yazakudya - akuti mndandandawu ukuwopseza anthu kuti asadye zakudya zopatsa thanzi.

Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amalamulidwa mwamphamvu ndi USDA, ndipo malipoti aposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapezeka pa 99.5% yazokolola wamba ndizotsika pang'ono pazoyikidwa ndi Environmental Protection Agency (4).

Dongosolo la USDA Pesticide Data Programme limatsimikizira kuti chakudya chaku US "ndichimodzi mwabwino kwambiri padziko lapansi," chifukwa chakuyesa mwamphamvu (4).

Komabe, akatswiri ambiri amati kupezeka mosalekeza kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo - ngakhale pang'ono - kungakulire m'thupi mwathu pakapita nthawi ndikupangitsa kuti mukhale ndi thanzi labwino.

Kuphatikiza apo, pali nkhawa kuti malire otetezedwa omwe mabungwe oyang'anira saganizira za zovuta zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo opitilira nthawi imodzi.

Pazifukwa izi, EWG idapanga mndandanda wa Dirty Dozen ngati chitsogozo cha anthu omwe akufuna kuchepetsa kupha tizilombo kwa iwo ndi mabanja awo.

Dirty Dozen ndi mndandanda wazipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zokhala ndi zotsalira zazitsamba zomwe zimapangidwa ndi Environmental Working Group (EWG) kuti iphunzitse anthu za chitetezo cha chakudya.

Mndandanda wa Zakudya Zakhumi Zakhumi za 2018

Malinga ndi EWG, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zotsatirazi ndizotsalira kwambiri za mankhwala ophera tizilombo (5):

1. Froberries: Ma strawberries wamba amakhala pamwamba pa mndandanda wa Dirty Dozen. Mu 2018, EWG idapeza kuti gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mitundu yonse ya sitiroberi inali ndi zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo khumi kapena kuposerapo.
2. Sipinachi: 97% ya sipinachi inali ndi zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuphatikiza permethrin, mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ndi owopsa kwambiri kwa nyama ().
3. Mankhwala: EWG idapeza zotsalira pafupifupi pafupifupi 94% yamitundu ya nectarine, ndi mtundu umodzi wokhala ndi zotsalira za mankhwala ophera 15.
4. Maapulo: EWG idazindikira zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu 90% ya zitsanzo za apulo. Komanso, 80% ya maapulo omwe anayesedwa anali ndi diphenylamine, mankhwala ophera tizilombo oletsedwa ku Europe (7).
5. Mphesa: Mphesa zokhazikika ndizochulukirapo pamndandanda wa Dothi Dazeni, pomwe 96% yakuyezetsa zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
6. Amapichesi: Zopitilira 99% zamapichesi omwe anayesedwa ndi EWG anali ndi zotsalira za mankhwala anayi ophera tizilombo.
7. Cherries: EWG idapeza pafupifupi zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo pazitsanzo za chitumbuwa, kuphatikiza mankhwala omwe amatchedwa iprodione, omwe ndi oletsedwa ku Europe (8).
8. Mapeyala: Oposa 50% ya mapeyala omwe anayesedwa ndi EWG anali ndi zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo asanu kapena kupitilira apo.
9. Tomato: Zotsalira zinayi za mankhwala ophera tizilombo zidapezeka pa phwetekere wamba. Chitsanzo chimodzi chinali ndi zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo 15.
10. Selari: Zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo zidapezeka pa 95% ya zitsanzo za udzu winawake. Mitundu 13 ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo idapezeka.
11. Mbatata: Zitsanzo za mbatata zimakhala ndi zotsalira zamankhwala ophera tizilombo zolemera kuposa mbewu ina iliyonse yoyesedwa. Chlorpropham, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndiye ambiri mwa mankhwala omwe amapezeka.
12. Tsabola wokoma belu: Tsabola wokoma kwambiri amakhala ndi zotsalira zochepa za mankhwala poyerekeza ndi zipatso ndi ndiwo zina. Komabe, bungwe la EWG limachenjeza kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo ogwiritsidwa ntchito pa tsabola wotsekemera wa belu "amakhala oopsa kwambiri paumoyo wa anthu."

Kuphatikiza pa Dazeni Yoyipa Yachikhalidwe, EWG imatulutsa mndandanda wa Dirty Dozen Plus womwe uli ndi zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zina 36 zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuphatikiza tsabola wotentha, tomato wa chitumbuwa, nandolo oswedwa ndi ma blueberries.

Strawberries pamwamba pamndandanda wa Dirty Dozen 2018, wotsatiridwa ndi sipinachi ndi timadzi tokoma. Zakudya zingapo pamndandandawu zinali ndi mankhwala ambirimbiri ophera tizilombo, kuphatikiza ena oletsedwa ku Europe.

Kodi Tizirombo toyambitsa matenda Tomwe Tili Ndi Chakudya Chathu Ndi Chovulaza?

Pali malingaliro otsutsana pankhani yachitetezo cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu zokolola.

Ngakhale mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zokolola amayendetsedwa bwino komanso amasungidwa pamiyeso yoyipa, pali nkhawa kuti momwe kuwonongera zinthu izi kumakhudzira thanzi.

Kafukufuku angapo adalumikiza kupezeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku zovuta zaumoyo, monga mavuto am'mapapo, zovuta zoberekera, kusokonekera kwamitsempha yama endocrine, kuwonongeka kwamitsempha yamagazi ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha khansa zina ().

Ana amawerengedwa kuti ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotenga poizoni wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuposa achikulire chifukwa chakuchepa kwawo, kuchepa kwamankhwala ena ochepetsa poizoni komanso kuti ubongo wopanga ubongo umakhala pachiwopsezo cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo ().

Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti ana obadwa kwa amayi omwe ali ndi vuto lakupha mankhwala ophera tizilombo adawonetsa kuchepa kwamaganizidwe mpaka zaka ziwiri, kuphatikiza zoperewera pakugwirizana komanso kukumbukira kukumbukira ().

Kupezeka kwa ana mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwalumikizidwanso pachiwopsezo chotenga ADHD ().

Kafukufuku wina adapeza kuti amayi apakati omwe amakhala pafupi ndi minda yomwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphate, pyrethroid kapena carbamate anali opopera anali ndi mwayi wokhala ndi ana omwe amapezeka ndi matenda a autism kapena autism spectrum matenda (ASDs) ().

Kuphatikiza apo, alimi omwe amathira mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku mbewu zawo amapezeka kuti ali ndi vuto la kunenepa kwambiri komanso khansa yamatumbo poyerekeza ndi anthu wamba ().

Ponena za kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'thupi, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kusinthana kwazinthu zodziwika bwino ndi mitundu yazachilengedwe kumachepetsa kapena kumachotsa kwamikodzo mankhwala wamba (,).

Zikuwonekeratu kuti kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumalumikizidwa ndi zovuta m'thupi.

Komabe, maphunziro ambiri omwe akupezeka amayang'ana kwambiri anthu omwe amalimbana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo tsiku ndi tsiku, monga ogwira ntchito zaulimi, m'malo mwa anthu wamba.

Zikuwonekeratu kuti kupezeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo owopsa kumakhala kovulaza. Komabe, pakufunika kafukufuku wambiri kuti adziwe ngati kuwonongera kwa nthawi yayitali mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapezeka mchakudya kumawononga thanzi.

Kodi Zachilengedwe Zimakhala Ndi Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo?

Ngakhale miyezo yaulimi wachilengedwe ndi yosiyana ndi njira wamba zaulimi, alimi olimidwa amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ovomerezeka pa mbewu zawo.

Alimi achilengedwe amadalira kwambiri kasinthasintha wa mbewu, kuteteza mbewu ndi ukhondo poteteza mbeu.

Komabe, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, monga mkuwa, rotenone ndi spinosad, atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi wa organic (17).

Mankhwala ophera tizilombo 25 amavomerezedwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza ndi zowopsa za 900 zomwe zikuloledwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazomera wamba (18).

Monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito muulimi wamba, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amalamulidwa mwamphamvu kuti atetezedwe koma atha kukhala owopsa ku thanzi la mlingo waukulu.

Mwachitsanzo, kupezeka pantchito ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo rotenone kumalumikizidwa ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha matenda a Parkinson ().

Tsoka ilo, kafukufuku wanthawi yayitali wowunika kuopsa kodya zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba wamba motsutsana ndi zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zomwe anthu ambiri akusowa.

Ngati mukusankha zakudya zachilengedwe pazifukwa zachilengedwe motsutsana ndi zifukwa zaumoyo, kafukufuku amathandizira kuti ulimi wamtunduwu umakhala ndi zovuta zochepa zachilengedwe kuposaulimi wamba.

Njira zakulima zachilengedwe zimachepetsa mpweya woipa, zimalimbikitsa kusiyanasiyana komanso kuteteza nthaka ndi madzi apansi panthaka (20).

Mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito muulimi wamba komanso wolimidwa atha kukhala owopsa kuumoyo wambiri.

Kodi Muyenera Kupewa Mitundu Yonse Yazakudya Zakhumi Zakhumi?

Anthu ambiri amasankha zokolola mwachilengedwe kuti achepetse kupezeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo.

Umboni wochuluka kuchokera ku kafukufuku umafunikira kuti mudziwe ngati zakudya zopatsa thanzi ndizabwino kuposa zakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi zokolola wamba.

Kwa iwo omwe amatha kugula mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi kumatha kuchepa pang'ono ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.

Komabe, ziyenera kudziwika kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo samangopezeka mu zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba.

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zina monga mbewu monga chimanga, komanso kapinga, minda yamaluwa ndikuwongolera tizilombo (,).

Popeza mankhwala ophera tizilombo ali ponseponse, njira yabwino yochepetsera kuwonekera kwanu ndi kusankha zakudya zachilengedwe ngati zingatheke ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zosamalidwa bwino zam'munda ndi njira zothetsera tizilombo.

Popeza zokolola zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsika mtengo kuposa zokolola wamba, zimakhala zovuta kuti anthu ambiri azigula.

Osadandaula ngati mukulephera kugula mitundu yakuda ya Dirty Dozen.

Kudya zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zambiri kumapitilira chiopsezo cha zotsalira za mankhwala opangira mankhwala, ndipo pali njira zochepetsera zotsalazo.

Ngakhale mitundu ya Dirty Dozen imakhala ndi zotsalira zochepa za mankhwala, kudya zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba ndizotetezeka.

Njira Zochepetsera Tizilombo Tizilombo tochokera ku Zakudya

Izi ndi njira zosavuta, zotetezeka komanso zamphamvu zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito kuchepetsa zotsalira za mankhwala opangira mankhwala:

• Apukute m'madzi ozizira: Kutsuka zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba m'madzi ozizira ndikuwapaka ndi burashi lofewa kumatha kuchotsa zotsalira za mankhwala ().
• Madzi a soda: Kafukufuku adapeza kuti kutsuka maapulo ndi 1% ya soda ndi osakaniza madzi kunali kothandiza kwambiri pochotsa zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuposa madzi apampopi okha ().
• Peel zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba: Kuchotsa khungu la zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zodetsedwa kumatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kudya zakudya zotsalira za mankhwala ().
• Kusokoneza: Pakafukufuku wina wa blanching zokolola (kuziwonetsa kuti ndi zotentha, kenako kuzizira, madzi) zidapangitsa kutsika kwa 50% m'magawo otsalira a mankhwala m'masamba onse azipatso ndi zipatso kupatula mapichesi ().
• Kutentha: Kafukufuku adawonetsa kuti ma strawberries otentha adachepetsa kwambiri zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndikuchepetsa kwa 42.8-92.9% ().
• Muzimutsuka zokolola ndi madzi ozoni: Madzi ozoni (madzi osakanikirana ndi mtundu wa mpweya wotchedwa ozoni) apezeka kuti ndi othandiza kwambiri pochotsa zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo (,).

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zatchulidwazi zitha kuchepetsa kwambiri zotsalira za mankhwala opangira zipatso.

Kupukuta zokolola pansi pamadzi ozizira, kutsuka ndi soda kapena kuthyola ndi njira zabwino kwambiri zochepetsera zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo pa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba.

Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri

Cholinga cha mndandanda wazakuda ndikudziwitsa ogula zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsalira zambiri za mankhwala ophera tizilombo.

Ngakhale kuti mndandandawu ungakhale wothandiza kwa iwo omwe ali ndi nkhawa ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mankhwala ophera tizilombo, sizikudziwikiratu kuti muyenera kukhala okhudzidwa bwanji ndikamamwa zotsalira za mankhwala oyamba.

Kwa iwo omwe akufuna kulakwitsa mosamala, ndibwino kuti agule mitundu yazakudya za Dirty Dozen.

Ngakhale zovuta zakupha tizilombo paumoyo sizikudziwika bwino, kufunika kodya zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zathanzi, kaya zachizolowezi kapena zachilengedwe, zakhazikitsidwa.

Chifukwa chake, simuyenera kuchepetsa kumwa kwanu potengera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.