Mlembi: Peter Berry
Tsiku La Chilengedwe: 18 Kulayi 2021
Sinthani Tsiku: 19 Novembala 2024
Anonim
Pramipexole, Piritsi Yamlomo - Thanzi
Pramipexole, Piritsi Yamlomo - Thanzi

Zamkati

Mfundo zazikulu za pramipexole

  1. Pulogalamu yamlomo ya Pramipexole imapezeka ngati mankhwala wamba komanso omwe amadziwika kuti ndi mankhwala. Maina azizindikiro: Mirapex ndi Mirapex ER.
  2. Mapiritsi a Pramipexole amabwera mumafomu otulutsira pomwepo komanso otulutsidwa omwe mumamwa.
  3. Mapiritsi a Pramipexole omwe amatulutsidwa mwachangu komanso omwe amatulutsa nthawi yayitali amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda a Parkinson. Mapiritsi otulutsidwa a Pramipexole amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pochiza matenda amiyendo yopuma.

Machenjezo ofunikira

  • Kugona mwadzidzidzi chenjezo: Mankhwalawa akhoza kukupangitsani kuti muzigona modzidzimutsa mukuchita zina. Izi zitha kuchitika popanda zizindikiro zochenjeza, monga kusinza. Lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu za kuyendetsa, kugwiritsa ntchito makina, kapena kuchita zina zomwe zimafunikira kukhala tcheru mukamamwa mankhwalawa.
  • Chizungulire ndi chenjezo lokomoka: Mankhwalawa amatha kuyambitsa chizungulire, mutu wopepuka, nseru, thukuta, kapena kukomoka, makamaka mukaimirira mwachangu pansi kapena pansi. Izi ndizotheka kuchitika mukayamba kumwa mankhwalawa. Kuti muchepetse chiopsezo chanu, muziyenda pang'onopang'ono mukayimirira. Zotsatirazi zikhoza kutha pakapita nthawi.
  • Chenjezo kapena mchitidwe wokakamiza chenjezo: Muyenera kuti mwakhala mukukulimbikitsidwa kutchova juga, kudya kwambiri, kapena kuchita zachiwerewere mukamamwa mankhwalawa. Izi zikachitika, uzani dokotala wanu. Angachepetse mlingo wanu kapena musiye kumwa mankhwalawa.
  • Zolingalira kapena chenjezo longa la psychotic: Mankhwalawa atha kukupangitsani kukhala ndi malingaliro (kuwona kapena kumva zinthu zomwe sizili zenizeni) kapena kusintha kwamakhalidwe anu. Mutha kukhala osokonezeka, okwiya, kapena amwano. Izi zikachitika, uzani dokotala wanu. Angachepetse mlingo wanu kapena musiye kumwa mankhwalawa.
  • · Chenjezo lakumapeto kwa mankhwalawa: Mankhwalawa amatha kusintha momwe mumagwirira thupi lanu. Izi zimaphatikizapo antecollis (kutsamira khosi lanu patsogolo) ndi camptocormia (kugwada m'chiuno mwanu). Amakhalanso ndi pleurothotonus (wotsamira m'chiuno mwanu). Kusintha kumeneku kumachitika mutayamba mankhwalawa, kapena kuchulukitsa mlingo, ndipo kumatha kuchitika miyezi ingapo mutayamba mankhwala kapena kusintha mlingo wanu. Mukawona zizindikiro za izi, uzani dokotala wanu nthawi yomweyo. Amatha kusintha mlingo wanu kapena kusiya mankhwala anu ndi mankhwalawa.

Kodi pramipexole ndi chiyani?

Pramipexole ndi mankhwala omwe mumalandira. Zimabwera ngati mapiritsi otulutsa pakamwa nthawi yomweyo.


Mapiritsi amlomo a Pramipexole amapezeka ngati mankhwala odziwika ndi dzina Mirapex ndi Mirapex ER. Pramipexole imapezekanso ngati mankhwala achibadwa. Mankhwala achibadwa nthawi zambiri amakhala otsika poyerekeza ndi mtundu wamaina. Nthawi zina, sangapezeke mwamphamvu zonse kapena mitundu yonse monga dzina lodziwika bwino la mankhwalawa.

Chifukwa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito

Mapiritsi otulutsa pakamwa a Pramipexole omwe amatulutsidwa mwachangu komanso otalikitsa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthana ndi zizindikilo za matenda a Parkinson. Izi zikuphatikiza zovuta ndi kuwongolera minofu, kuyenda, ndi kulimbitsa thupi.

Mapiritsi otulutsidwa a Pramipexole amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pochiza matenda amiyendo yopuma. Izi zimaphatikizapo kusapeza bwino m'miyendo yanu komanso kufunitsitsa kusuntha miyendo yanu, makamaka mukakhala pansi kapena mukugona.

Pramipexole itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira imodzi yophatikizira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mungafunike kumwa mankhwala ena.

Momwe imagwirira ntchito

Pramipexole ndi m'gulu la mankhwala otchedwa dopamine agonists. Gulu la mankhwala ndi gulu la mankhwala omwe amagwiranso ntchito chimodzimodzi. Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza zofananira.


Pramipexole imagwira ntchito poyambitsa mapulogalamu ena muubongo wanu. Izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa matenda a Parkinson ndi matenda amiyendo yopuma.

Zotsatira zoyipa za Pramipexole

Pulogalamu yamlomo ya Pramipexole imatha kuyambitsa tulo. Simuyenera kuyendetsa galimoto, kugwiritsa ntchito makina, kapena kuchita zina zomwe zimafunikira kukhala tcheru mpaka mutadziwa momwe mankhwalawa amakukhudzirani. Pramipexole amathanso kuyambitsa zovuta zina.

Zotsatira zofala kwambiri

Zotsatira zofala kwambiri za pramipexole ndi monga:

  • nseru
  • kusowa chilakolako
  • kutsegula m'mimba
  • kudzimbidwa
  • kusuntha kwachilendo kwa thupi
  • kufooka
  • chizungulire ndi kuwodzera
  • chisokonezo
  • malingaliro kapena maloto achilendo
  • pakamwa pouma
  • ofunikira kukodza pafupipafupi kapena mwachangu kukodza
  • kutupa m'miyendo kapena m'manja mwanu

Ngati zotsatirazi ndizochepa, zimatha kutha masiku angapo kapena milungu ingapo. Ngati ali ovuta kwambiri kapena osapita, lankhulani ndi dokotala kapena wamankhwala.


Zotsatira zoyipa

Itanani dokotala wanu nthawi yomweyo ngati muli ndi zovuta zina. Itanani 911 ngati zizindikiro zanu zikuwopseza moyo kapena ngati mukuganiza kuti mukukumana ndi vuto lachipatala. Zotsatira zoyipa komanso zizindikilo zake zimatha kukhala izi:

  • Rhabdomyolysis (kuwonongeka kwa minofu). Zizindikiro zimatha kuphatikiza:
    • mkodzo wamtundu wakuda
    • kufooka kwa minofu, kupweteka, kapena kuuma
    • Ziwerengero. Zizindikiro zimatha kuphatikiza:
      • kuwona zinthu zomwe kulibe
      • kumva zinthu zomwe kulibe
    • Khalidwe lofanizira zamaganizidwe. Zizindikiro zimatha kuphatikiza:
      • chisokonezo
      • machitidwe osazolowereka, monga kupsa mtima, kubvutika, ndi delirium
      • kupsa mtima kwambiri
    • Masomphenya. Zizindikiro zimatha kuphatikiza:
      • zosintha m'masomphenya zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti muwone
    • Zofooka zaposachedwa. Zizindikiro zimatha kuphatikiza:
      • kutsamira khosi lako patsogolo
      • kugwada m'chiuno mwako
      • atatsamira m'mbali mchiuno

Chodzikanira: Cholinga chathu ndikukupatsani chidziwitso chofunikira kwambiri komanso chaposachedwa. Komabe, chifukwa mankhwala amakhudza munthu aliyense mosiyanasiyana, sitingatsimikizire kuti izi zimaphatikizaponso zovuta zonse zomwe zingachitike. Izi sizilowa m'malo mwa upangiri wa zamankhwala. Nthawi zonse muzikambirana mavuto omwe angakhalepo ndi othandizira azaumoyo omwe amadziwa mbiri yanu yazachipatala.

Pramipexole amatha kulumikizana ndi mankhwala ena

Pulogalamu yamlomo ya Pramipexole imatha kulumikizana ndi mankhwala ena, mavitamini, kapena zitsamba zomwe mwina mukumwa. Kulumikizana ndi pamene chinthu chimasintha momwe mankhwala amagwirira ntchito. Izi zitha kukhala zowononga kapena kuletsa mankhwalawa kuti asagwire ntchito bwino.

Pofuna kupewa kuyanjana, dokotala ayenera kuyang'anira mankhwala anu onse mosamala. Onetsetsani kuuza dokotala wanu za mankhwala onse, mavitamini, kapena zitsamba zomwe mukumwa. Kuti mudziwe momwe mankhwalawa angagwirizane ndi china chake chomwe mumatenga, lankhulani ndi dokotala kapena wamankhwala.

Zitsanzo za mankhwala omwe angayambitse kuyanjana ndi pramipexole alembedwa pansipa.

Maganizo ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Mankhwalawa amatha kuletsa zotsatira za pramipexole. Izi zikutanthauza kuti sizigwiranso ntchito pochiza matenda anu. Mankhwalawa ndi awa:

  • metoclopramide
  • phenothiazines, monga:
    • mankhwala enaake
    • fluphenazine
    • perphenazine
    • wanjanji
    • thioridazine
    • trifluoperazine
    • butyrophenones, monga:
      • chodmatsu
      • haloperidol

Mankhwala othandizira kugona

Kutenga pramipexole ndi mankhwala ena omwe amakupangitsani kugona kungapangitse chiopsezo chanu chogona kapena kugona mwadzidzidzi masana. Mankhwalawa ndi awa:

  • diphenhydramine
  • zolpidem

Chodzikanira: Cholinga chathu ndikukupatsani chidziwitso chofunikira kwambiri komanso chaposachedwa. Komabe, chifukwa mankhwala amagwirira ntchito mosiyanasiyana mwa munthu aliyense, sitingatsimikizire kuti izi zikuphatikizira kulumikizana kulikonse kotheka. Izi sizilowa m'malo mwa upangiri wa zamankhwala. Nthawi zonse lankhulani ndi omwe amakuthandizani zaumoyo pazomwe mungachite ndi mankhwala onse, mavitamini, zitsamba ndi zowonjezera, komanso mankhwala owonjezera omwe mumamwa.

Machenjezo a Pramipexole

Pulogalamu yamlomo ya Pramipexole imabwera ndi machenjezo angapo.

Chenjezo la ziwengo

Pramipexole imatha kuyambitsa vuto lalikulu. Zizindikiro zimatha kuphatikiza:

  • zidzolo
  • ming'oma
  • kuyabwa
  • ofiira, otupa, otupa, kapena osenda khungu lokhala ndi malungo kapena opanda
  • kupuma
  • kuvuta kupuma kapena kuyankhula
  • hoarseness wodabwitsa
  • kutupa pakamwa panu, nkhope, milomo, lilime, kapena pakhosi

Ngati simukugwirizana nazo, pitani kuchipatala nthawi yomweyo. Ngati matenda anu akukulira, itanani 911 kapena pitani kuchipinda chadzidzidzi chapafupi.

Musatengerenso mankhwalawa ngati munakhalapo ndi vuto linalake. Kutenganso kumatha kukhala koopsa (kuyambitsa imfa).

Kuyanjana ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa

Kugwiritsa ntchito zakumwa zomwe zili ndi mowa kumatha kuwonjezera kugona komwe mungakhale nako ndi pramipexole. Mukamwa mowa, lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu.

Machenjezo kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ena

Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a impso: Mutha kukhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chazovuta. Ngati muli ndi vuto la impso, lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu. Dokotala wanu akhoza kusintha mlingo wanu.

Machenjezo kwa magulu ena

Kwa amayi apakati: Palibe chidziwitso chokwanira chokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa mwa amayi apakati kuti mudziwe chiopsezo cha mimba. Lankhulani ndi dokotala ngati muli ndi pakati kapena mukukonzekera kutenga pakati. Mankhwalawa ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha phindu lomwe lingakhalepo likutsimikizira kuwopsa kwake.

Kwa amayi omwe akuyamwitsa: Pramipexole imatha kulowa mkaka wa m'mawere ndipo imatha kuyambitsa zovuta kwa mwana yemwe akuyamwitsa. Mankhwalawa amathanso kuyambitsa mavuto ndi kuthekera kwa thupi lanu kutulutsa mkaka wa m'mawere.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala ngati mukuyamwitsa mwana wanu. Muyenera kusankha kuti musiye kuyamwa kapena kusiya kumwa mankhwalawa.

Kwa ana: Mankhwalawa sanaphunzirepo ndipo sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ana ochepera zaka 18.

Momwe mungatengere pramipexole

Chidziwitso cha mlingo ndi cha piritsi yamlomo ya pramipexole. Mlingo uliwonse wotheka ndi mitundu ya mankhwala sizingaphatikizidwe pano. Mlingo wanu, mawonekedwe a mankhwala, komanso kuchuluka kwa momwe mumamwa mankhwalawo zimadalira:

  • zaka zanu
  • matenda omwe akuchiritsidwa
  • kuopsa kwa matenda anu
  • Matenda ena omwe muli nawo
  • momwe mumachitira ndi mankhwala oyamba

Mafomu ndi mphamvu

Zowonjezera: Zamgululi

  • Mawonekedwe: piritsi yotulutsa pakamwa nthawi yomweyo
  • Mphamvu: 0.125 mg, 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.75 mg, 1 mg, 1.5 mg
  • Mawonekedwe: piritsi lotulutsa pakamwa
  • Mphamvu: 0.375 mg, 0.75 mg, 1.5 mg, 2.25 mg, 3 mg, 3.75 mg, 4.5 mg

Mtundu: Mirapex

  • Mawonekedwe: piritsi yotulutsa pakamwa nthawi yomweyo
  • Mphamvu: 0.125 mg, 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.75 mg, 1 mg, 1.5 mg

Mtundu: Mirapex ER

  • Mawonekedwe: piritsi lotulutsa pakamwa
  • Mphamvu: 0.375 mg, 0.75 mg, 1.5 mg, 2.25 mg, 3 mg, 3.75 mg, 4.5 mg

Mlingo wa matenda a Parkinson

Mlingo wachikulire (wazaka 18 kapena kupitirira)

  • Mapiritsi otulutsa nthawi yomweyo:
    • Mlungu 1: 0.125 mg amatengedwa katatu patsiku
    • Mlungu 2: 0,25 mg amatengedwa katatu patsiku
    • Sabata 3: 0,5 mg anatengedwa katatu patsiku
    • Sabata 4: 0,75 mg amatengedwa katatu patsiku
    • Mlungu 5: 1 mg amatengedwa katatu patsiku
    • Mlungu 6: 1.25 mg amatengedwa katatu patsiku
    • Mlungu 7: 1.5 mg amatengedwa katatu patsiku
    • Mapiritsi omasulidwa:
      • Muyeso woyambira: 0,375 mg amatengedwa kamodzi patsiku.
      • Mlingo ukuwonjezeka: Dokotala wanu akhoza kukulitsa mlingo wanu masiku asanu kapena asanu ndi awiri alionse.
      • Zolemba malire mlingo: 4.5 mg amatengedwa kamodzi patsiku.

Mlingo wa ana (zaka 0-17 zaka)

Mankhwalawa sanaphunzirenso nthawi zonse ndikuwonetsedwa kuti ndi otetezeka komanso ogwira mtima kwa ana am'badwo uno. Mankhwalawa sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ana ochepera zaka 18.

Mlingo wa matenda oyenda mwamiyendo oyambira mopambanitsa

Mlingo wachikulire (wazaka 18 kapena kupitirira)

  • Mapiritsi otulutsa nthawi yomweyo:
    • Muyeso woyambira: 0.125 mg amatengedwa kamodzi patsiku madzulo maola awiri kapena atatu asanagone.
    • Mlingo ukuwonjezeka: Ngati kuli kotheka, dokotala wanu akhoza kuwonjezera mlingo wanu masiku anayi kapena asanu ndi awiri.
    • Zolemba malire mlingo: 0,5 mg amatengedwa kamodzi patsiku madzulo.

Mlingo wa ana (zaka 0-17 zaka)

Mankhwalawa sanaphunzirenso nthawi zonse ndikuwonetsedwa kuti ndi otetezeka komanso ogwira mtima kwa ana am'badwo uno. Mankhwalawa sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ana ochepera zaka 18.

Maganizo apadera

Ngati muli ndi matenda a impso ndipo mukumwa mankhwala otulutsa pakamwa a pramipexole a Parkinson, dokotala wanu amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa pramipexole momwe mungafunikire.

Ngati muli ndi matenda a impso owerengeka kapena owopsa ndipo mukumwa mapiritsi apakamwa otulutsa pramipexole pakamwa pamiyendo yopanda mpumulo, dokotala wanu sayenera kuwonjezera mlingo wanu kamodzi pa masiku 14 aliwonse.

Mukasiya kumwa mankhwalawa kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo mukufunika kuyambiranso, mungafunike kuyamba kumwa mankhwala ochepa ndikuchepetsa pang'ono mpaka mlingo womwe mumamwa.

Chodzikanira: Cholinga chathu ndikukupatsani chidziwitso chofunikira kwambiri komanso chaposachedwa. Komabe, chifukwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo amakhudza munthu aliyense mosiyanasiyana, sitingatsimikizire kuti mndandandawu umaphatikizira miyezo yonse yotheka. Izi sizilowa m'malo mwa upangiri wa zamankhwala. Nthawi zonse lankhulani ndi dokotala kapena wamankhwala za mlingo woyenera kwa inu.

Tengani monga mwalamulidwa

Mapiritsi amlomo a Pramipexole amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matendawa kwa nthawi yayitali. Amabwera ndi zoopsa ngati simutenga monga mwalembedwera.

Mukasiya kumwa mankhwalawa kapena osamwa konse: Matenda anu akhoza kukulirakulira mwadzidzidzi mukasiya kumwa pramipexole. Vuto lanu silidzayenda bwino ngati simumamwa mankhwalawo.

Ngati mwaphonya Mlingo kapena osamwa mankhwalawo panthawi yake: Mankhwala anu mwina sagwira ntchito kapena akhoza kusiya kugwira ntchito kwathunthu. Kuti mankhwalawa agwire bwino ntchito, kuchuluka kwake kumayenera kukhala mthupi lanu nthawi zonse.

Ngati mutenga zochuluka kwambiri: Mutha kukhala ndimankhwala owopsa mthupi lanu. Zizindikiro za bongo za mankhwalawa zingaphatikizepo:

  • mutu
  • Kuchuluka kwa mphuno
  • pakamwa pouma
  • nseru
  • kusanza
  • kutentha (kufiira ndi kutentha kwa khungu lanu)
  • kukhosomola
  • kutopa
  • kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo (kuwona china chomwe kulibe)
  • thukuta lolemera
  • chiwonetsedwe
  • mayendedwe achilendo m'mapewa, m'chiuno, ndi nkhope
  • kupweteka (kumverera ngati mtima wanu ukudumpha kugunda)
  • kusowa mphamvu
  • maloto olakwika

Ngati mukuganiza kuti mwamwa kwambiri mankhwalawa, itanani dokotala wanu kapena funsani malangizo kuchokera ku American Association of Poison Control Center ku 1-800-222-1222 kapena kudzera pa chida chawo pa intaneti. Koma ngati matenda anu akukulira, itanani 911 kapena pitani kuchipatala chapafupi pomwepo.

Zomwe muyenera kuchita mukaphonya mlingo: Tengani mlingo wanu mukangokumbukira. Koma ngati mukukumbukira kutangotsala maola ochepa kuti muyambe kumwa mankhwala, tengani mlingo umodzi wokha. Osayesa konse kutenga mwa kumwa miyezo iwiri nthawi imodzi. Izi zitha kubweretsa zovuta zoyipa.

Momwe mungadziwire ngati mankhwalawa akugwira ntchito: Zizindikiro zanu za matenda a Parkinson kapena matenda amiyendo yopuma ziyenera kusintha.

Zofunikira pakumwa pramipexole

Kumbukirani izi ngati dokotala akukulemberani mapiritsi amlomo a pramipexole.

Zonse

  • Mutha kumwa pramipexole kapena wopanda chakudya.
  • Ngati mukumwa pramipexole yamiyendo yopuma, tengani maola awiri kapena atatu musanagone.
  • Mutha kudula kapena kuphwanya mapiritsi omwe amatulutsidwa nthawi yomweyo. Simungathe kudula kapena kuphwanya mapiritsi otulutsidwa.

Yosungirako

  • Sungani mankhwalawa kutentha pakati pa 59 ° F mpaka 86 ° F (15 ° C ndi 30 ° C). Sungani kutali ndi kutentha kwambiri.
  • Musasunge mankhwalawa m'malo onyowa kapena onyowa, monga mabafa.

Zowonjezeranso

Mankhwala a mankhwalawa amakonzanso. Simuyenera kusowa mankhwala atsopano kuti mudzazidwenso. Dokotala wanu adzalemba kuchuluka kwa mafuta obwezerezedwanso pamankhwala anu.

Kuyenda

Mukamayenda ndi mankhwala anu:

  • Nthawi zonse muzinyamula mankhwala anu. Mukamauluka, musayikenso m'thumba lofufuzidwa. Sungani m'thumba lanu.
  • Osadandaula za makina a X-ray pabwalo la ndege. Sangathe kuvulaza mankhwala anu.
  • Mungafunike kuwonetsa ogwira ntchito ku eyapoti chizindikiro cha mankhwala anu. Nthawi zonse muzinyamula chidebe choyambirira cholembedwa ndi mankhwala.
  • Musayike mankhwalawa m'galimoto yamagolovu amgalimoto yanu kapena siyani m'galimoto. Onetsetsani kuti musachite izi nyengo ikatentha kapena kuzizira kwambiri.

Kupezeka

Osati mankhwala aliwonse omwe amakhala ndi mankhwalawa. Mukadzaza mankhwala anu, onetsetsani kuti mwayitanitsa patsogolo kuti mutsimikizire kuti mankhwala omwe muli nawo ali nawo.

Chilolezo chisanachitike

Makampani ambiri a inshuwaransi amafuna chilolezo choyambirira cha mankhwalawa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti dokotala wanu adzafunika kuvomerezedwa ndi kampani yanu ya inshuwaransi kampani yanu ya inshuwaransi isanakulipireni mankhwalawo.

Kodi pali njira zina?

Palinso mankhwala ena omwe amapezeka kuti athetse vuto lanu. Ena akhoza kukuyenererani kuposa ena. Lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu za mankhwala ena omwe angakuthandizeni.

Chodzikanira: Healthaline yayesetsa kwambiri kuti zidziwitso zonse zikhale zolondola, zokwanira, komanso zaposachedwa. Komabe, nkhaniyi sikuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa chidziwitso ndi ukadaulo wa akatswiri pazachipatala. Muyenera kufunsa adotolo kapena akatswiri azaumoyo musanamwe mankhwala aliwonse. Zambiri zamankhwala zomwe zili pano zitha kusintha ndipo sizingapangidwe kuti zigwiritse ntchito, mayendedwe, zodzitetezera, machenjezo, kulumikizana ndi mankhwala, kusokonezeka, kapena zovuta zina. Kusapezeka kwa machenjezo kapena zidziwitso za mankhwala omwe apatsidwa sikuwonetsa kuti kuphatikiza mankhwala kapena mankhwalawa ndiwotetezeka, ogwira ntchito, komanso oyenera kwa odwala onse kapena ntchito zina zilizonse.

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