Proto-Oncogenes Afotokozedwa

Zamkati

• Proto-oncogene vs. oncogene
• Ntchito ya proto-oncogenes
• Kodi ma proto-oncogenes angayambitse khansa?
• Zitsanzo za proto-oncogenes
• Ras
• HER2
• Myc
• Mphepete D.
• Kutenga

Kodi proto-oncogene ndi chiyani?

Matenda anu amapangidwa ndi ma DNA omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chofunikira kuti ma cell anu azigwira ntchito ndikukula bwino. Chibadwa chimakhala ndi malangizo (ma code) omwe amauza khungu kuti lipange mtundu winawake wa mapuloteni. Puloteni iliyonse imagwira ntchito yapadera mthupi.

A proto-oncogene ndi chibadwa chabwinobwino chomwe chimapezeka mchipinda. Pali ma proto-oncogenes ambiri. Aliyense ali ndi udindo wopanga mapuloteni omwe amakhudzidwa ndikukula kwa magawano, magawano, ndi zochitika zina m'selo. Nthawi zambiri, majiniwa amagwira ntchito momwe amayenera kukhalira, koma nthawi zina zinthu zimasokonekera.

Ngati cholakwika (kusintha) kumachitika mu proto-oncogene, jini limatha kuyatsidwa pomwe siliyenera kuyatsidwa. Izi zikachitika, proto-oncogene ikhoza kukhala jini losagwira ntchito lotchedwa oncogene. Maselo amayamba kukulira mphamvu. Kukula kosalamulirika kwa cell kumabweretsa khansa.

Proto-oncogene vs. oncogene

Proto-oncogenes ndi majini abwinobwino omwe amathandiza maselo kukula. Oncogene ndi jini iliyonse yomwe imayambitsa khansa.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za khansa ndikukula kwamaselo kosalamulirika. Chifukwa ma proto-oncogenes amatenga nawo gawo pakukula kwamaselo, amatha kusandulika oncogene kusintha kosintha (cholakwika) kuyambitsa chibadwa chonse.

Mwanjira ina, oncogenes amasintha mitundu ya proto-oncogenes. Ambiri, koma osati onse, oncogenes m'thupi amachokera ku proto-oncogenes.

Ntchito ya proto-oncogenes

Proto-oncogenes ndi gulu la majini abwinobwino m'selo. Amakhala ndizofunikira kuti thupi lanu lipange mapuloteni omwe ali ndi:

• zolimbikitsa magawano amaselo
• kuletsa kusiyanitsa kwama cell
• kupewa apoptosis (cell death)

Njirazi ndizofunikira pakukula kwamaselo ndi chitukuko komanso kusamalira minofu ndi ziwalo zathanzi mthupi lanu.

Kodi ma proto-oncogenes angayambitse khansa?

Proto-oncogene sichingayambitse khansa pokhapokha kusintha kumachitika mu jini lomwe limasandutsa oncogene.

Kusintha kumachitika mu proto-oncogene, kumakhala kosasintha (kuyambitsa). Jiniyo imayamba kupanga mapuloteni ochulukirapo omwe amalembetsa kukula kwama cell. Kukula kwa maselo kumachitika mosalamulirika. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofotokozera za zotupa za khansa.

Aliyense ali ndi proto-oncogenes mthupi lake. M'malo mwake, ma proto-oncogene ndiofunikira kuti tikhale ndi moyo. Proto-oncogenes imangoyambitsa khansa pakachitika kusintha kwa jini komwe kumapangitsa kuti jini itsegulidwe kwathunthu. Izi zimatchedwa kusintha kwa ntchito.

Kusintha kumeneku kumawerengedwanso kuti kusintha kwakukulu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mtundu umodzi wokha wa jini umafunika kusinthidwa kuti ulimbikitse khansa.

Pali mitundu itatu yosiyana siyana ya kusintha kwa ntchito zomwe zingayambitse proto-oncogene kukhala oncogene:

• Kusintha kwa mfundo. Kusintha uku kumasintha, kuyika, kapena kuchotsera imodzi yokha kapena ma nucleotide angapo motsatira majini, poyambitsa proto-oncogene.
• Kukulitsa kwa Gene. Kusintha kumeneku kumabweretsa mitundu yambiri ya jini.
• Kusintha kwa Chromosomal. Apa ndipamene jini limasamutsidwira kumalo atsopano a chromosomal omwe amatsogolera pamawu apamwamba.

Malinga ndi American Cancer Society, zosintha zambiri zomwe zimayambitsa khansa zimapezeka, osati cholowa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti simunabadwe ndi vuto la jini. M'malo mwake, kusintha kumachitika nthawi ina m'moyo wanu.

Zina mwa zosinthazi zimachokera ku matenda omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda otchedwa retrovirus. Poizoniyu, utsi, ndi poizoni wina wazachilengedwe atha kuthandizanso pakusintha kwa proto-oncogenes. Komanso, anthu ena amatha kutengeka ndi kusintha kwa proto-oncogenes.

Zitsanzo za proto-oncogenes

Zopitilira 40 zama proto-oncogene apezeka m'thupi la munthu. Zitsanzo ndi izi:

Ras

Proto-oncogene woyamba kuwonetsedwa kuti asinthe oncogene amatchedwa Ras.

Ras Imakhazikitsa mapuloteni oyendetsa ma cell. Mwanjira ina, Ras ndi imodzi mwamasinthidwe ozimitsa / otseguka masitepe angapo munjira yayikulu yomwe pamapeto pake imabweretsa kukula kwa selo. Liti Ras yasinthidwa, imakhazikitsa puloteni yomwe imapangitsa kuti pakhale chizindikiro chosalimbikitsa kukula.

Matenda ambiri a khansa ya kapamba amasintha kwambiri mu Ras jini. Matenda ambiri am'mapapo, m'matumbo, ndi m'matenda a chithokomiro apezekanso kuti asintha Ras.

HER2

Proto-oncogene ina yodziwika ndi HER2. Jini imeneyi imapangitsa kuti mapuloteni amalandila omwe amakhudzidwa ndikukula ndi magawano am'mabere. Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi khansa ya m'mawere amasintha kusintha kwawo HER2 jini. Mtundu wa khansa ya m'mawere nthawi zambiri umatchedwa ZOKHUDZAkhansa yabwino ya m'mawere.

Myc

Pulogalamu ya Myc jini limalumikizidwa ndi mtundu wa khansa yotchedwa Burkitt's lymphoma. Zimachitika kukweza kwa chromosomal kumayendetsa motsatizana kwa jini pafupi ndi Myc proto-oncogene.

Mphepete D.

Mphepete D. ndi proto-oncogene ina. Ntchito yake yabwinobwino ndikupanga protein yotchedwa Rb tumor suppressor protein yosagwira.

Mu khansa zina, monga zotupa za matenda a parathyroid, Mphepete D. imayatsidwa chifukwa cha kusintha. Zotsatira zake, sizingagwire ntchito yake yopangitsa chotupacho kupondereza mapuloteni kuti asagwire ntchito. Izi zimayambitsanso kukula kwama cell osalamulirika.

Kutenga

Maselo anu ali ndi majini ambiri ofunikira omwe amakulitsa kukula kwama cell ndi magawano. Mitundu yachibadwa ya majini amenewa amatchedwa proto-oncogenes. Mitundu yosinthidwa imatchedwa oncogenes. Oncogenes angayambitse khansa.

Simungaletse kwathunthu kusintha kuti kusachitike mu proto-oncogene, koma momwe moyo wanu ungakhudzire. Mutha kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kusintha kwa khansa ndi:

• kukhala wathanzi labwino
• Katemera wa ma virus omwe angayambitse khansa, monga hepatitis B ndi human papillomavirus (HPV)
• kudya chakudya chopatsa thanzi chodzaza zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba
• kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi pafupipafupi
• kupewa zopangidwa ndi fodya
• kuchepetsa kumwa mowa
• kugwiritsa ntchito kuteteza dzuwa mukamapita panja
• kukaonana ndi dokotala pafupipafupi kuti akawonedwe

Ngakhale ndimakhalidwe abwino, kusintha kumatha kuchitika mu proto-oncogene. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ofufuza pano akuyang'ana oncogenes ngati chandamale chachikulu cha mankhwala opatsirana khansa.